Francis Orpen Morris

Morris was the eldest son of the Royal Navy's Admiral Henry Gage Morris and Rebecca Orpen, youngest daughter of the Rev. Francis Orpen, vicar of Kilgarvan, co. Kerry. Francis Orpen Morris grew up on the western shores of Ireland where he developed an enduring love of the natural world. The whole family relocated to England in 1824. After living for some time in Worcester, they settled in Charmouth, Dorset in 1826.

At Bromsgrove School his love of natural history grew, and he started a collection of birds and insects. He left school in 1828, spent a year with a private tutor, and enrolled at Worcester College, Oxford. Here he read Classics and was awarded a BA in 1833. Among the subjects he studied was Pliny's Natural History. During this period he met the entomologist James Duncan (1804–1861), author of British Butterflies. As a student Morris maintained his interest in natural history, and helped organise the insect collection in Oxford's Ashmolean Museum.

He entered the Church and became curate at Hanging Heaton, near Dewsbury. Then followed his ordaining as Deacon by the Archbishop of York in August 1834. Between 1842 and 1844 he was vicar at Huttons Ambo. In November 1844, he became vicar of Nafferton near Driffield in East Yorkshire, a parish he served for nine years. In 1854 he moved to the Rectory of Nunburnholme, near Market Weighton in East Yorkshire. Here he had ample leisure to pursue his interests in natural history.

County Seats of The Noblemen and Gentlemen of Great Britain and Ireland (1870)

During his stay at Nafferton, Morris acquired a reputation for writing popular essays on natural history and in particular on birds. His first book was an arrangement of British birds and was published in 1834. About this time he formed a close working association with Benjamin Fawcett (1808–1893), a local printer. This relationship would last nearly 50 years and have a profound effect on British ornithology. Benjamin Fawcett was arguably the most accomplished of nineteenth century woodblock colour printers.

Alpine Accentor. Hand coloured, wood-block print by Alexander Francis Lydon for 'A History of British Birds' by Francis Orpen Morris. First Edition published by Groombridge & Son. London 1850–57. Printed by Benjamin Fawcett in Driffield. From the collection held by RestoredPrints.com

Morris wrote the text for books which were financed and printed by Fawcett, and were illustrated by Alexander Francis Lydon (1836–1917). Colour printing was a major change from the fine monochrome work of Thomas Bewick (1753–1828). At first wood-engraving illustrations were coloured by hand, but later a system of colouring from multiple wood blocks was used.

Morris' books were mostly published by Groombridge & Sons, of London. His first best-seller was A History of British Birds which was published from June 1850 in monthly parts over a period of some seven years. Each folio consisted of text and 4 hand-coloured plates. Initially only a thousand copies were printed, but surprising demand quickly forced Fawcett to move to larger premises at East Lodge in Driffield. A Natural History of the Nests and Eggs of British Birds, A History of British Butterflies and A History of British Moths followed in rapid succession. The final work which Fawcett, Morris and Lydon would do together was The County Seats of the Noblemen and Gentlemen of Great Britain and Ireland. This appeared in six volumes, each with 40 coloured plates, and text as usual by Morris. Groombridge & Sons dissolved about 1880, with neither Fawcett nor Morris having profited much financially from their collaboration.

In January 1835 he married Anne Sanders, who was the second daughter of Charles Sanders of Bromsgrove, eventually raising a family of 3 sons and 6 daughters. His youngest child, Marmaduke Charles Frederick Morris, was an antiquarian,[1] author and Rector of Nunburnholme after his father.[2]

From all accounts Morris was irascible by nature, impatient with conservatism and imbued with the spirit of reform – this did not endear him to many people. He had deep-seated convictions on some matters: he was an anti-feminist, loathed fox hunting and any other destruction of wildlife, had an abiding abhorrence of evolution as expounded in Charles Darwin's Origin of Species and a fervent dislike of Thomas Huxley whom he saw as an enthusiastic vivisectionist. Morris was the author of anti-Darwinian pamphlets. He rejected common descent and natural selection, which he believed were absurd concepts unsupported by evidence.[3][4] Morris questioned why proponents of Darwinism were unable to answer such questions as "by what act of natural selection was the pouch of the camel formed" and "how are the electric organs in fishes accounted for by natural selection."[5]

In his book Records of Animal Sagacity and Character (1861) he provided "abducent evidence" for the "mental capacities of animals furnished by their actions". He wrote that the Bible did not contradict the idea of animal immortality and argued for the possibility of a "future resurrection or restoration of the animal creation."[5]

He was an early advocate for conservation, campaigning extensively and ultimately successfully for a nature conservation act.[6] He founded the Plumage League along with Mrs. R Cavendish-Boyle and Lady Mount-Temple (Georgina Cowper-Temple née Tollemache) in December 1885 with its headquarters at Broadlands, Hampshire. It soon merged into the Selborne League in January 1886 to become the Selborne Society for the Preservation of Birds, Plants and Pleasant Places.

His sister Cornelia Morris married Abraham Bower, making their son, Frederick Orpen Bower, Morris's nephew, and probably leading Bower to become a botanist.[7]

• 1834 Guide to an Arrangement of British Birds. 20 pp., Longmarts.
• 1850 An Essay on the Eternal Duration of the Earth. 15 pp., London: Groombridge & Sons.
• 1850 An Essay on Scientific Nomenclature. 10 pp., London: Groombridge & Sons.
• 1850–1857. A History of British Birds. 6 volumes., 8vo, London: Groombridge & Sons.
• 1851–53 A Natural History of the Nests and Eggs of British Birds. 3 volumes., Royal 8vo, London: Groombridge & Sons.
• 1853 A History of British Butterflies. Royal 8vo, London: Groombridge & Sons.
• 1856 A Book of Natural History. London: Groombridge & Sons.
• 1856 Bible Natural History. Manchester: J. Ainsworth.
• 1859–70 A History of British Moths. 4 volumes., Royal 8vo, Longmarts.
• 1860 Anecdotes of Natural History. Longroans.
• 1861 Records of Animal Sagacity and Character. London: Longman, Green, Lonman, & Robert.
• 1865 A Catalogue of British Insects in all the Orders. 125 pp., Longmarts.
• 1869 Difficulties of Darwinism.
• 1870 Dogs and their Doings. London: S. W. Partridge & Co.
• 1870 County Seats of The Noblemen and Gentlemen of Great Britain and Ireland. 6 volumes. London: William Mackenzie, online at Internet Archive
• 1875 All the Articles of the Darwin Faith.
• 1877 A Double Dilemma in Darwinism.
• 1880 The Darwin Craze.
• 1886 The Sparrow-Shooter.
• 1890 The Demands of Darwinism on Credulity. London: S. W. Partridge & Co.

• Armstrong, Patrick (2000). The English Parson-naturalist: A Companionship Between Science and Religion. Gracewing. pp. 74–78. ISBN 978-0-85244-516-7.
• Clark, John F. M. (2004). "Morris, Francis Orpen (1810–1893)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/19304. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
• Kofoid, Charles Atwood (July 1938). "Francis Orpen Morris: Ornithologist and Anti-Darwinist". The Auk. 55 (3): 496–500. doi:10.2307/4078418.
• Morris, Marmaduke Charles Frederick (1897). Francis Orpen Morris. A Memoir. John C. Nimmo.
• Ross, Frederick (1878). Celebrities of the Yorkshire Wolds. Trübner. pp. 106–108.

Media related to Francis Orpen Morris at Wikimedia Commons

• Works by or about Francis Orpen Morris at Internet Archive
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