Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung

The Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (FBK), the “Free Berlin Art Exhibition” in Berlin (Germany), was “unique in its structure”.[1] For 24 years, from 1971 to 1995, it was the only non-juried art exhibition of its size in Europe. It opened after the Große Berliner Kunstausstellung, the “Grand Berlin Art Exhibition”, a juried art exhibition, had closed its doors. Supported by the Senate of Berlin, an association, called the Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung was registered in 1970 with the goal to organize annual exhibitions.[2] Hans-Joachim Zeidler became chairperson of this association for the first four years, followed by Ernst Leonhardt (Artist). During the association's last four years, Karin Rech[3] took over the leadership.

Sculpture of the long-time chairman of the FBK Ernst Leonhardt

History

Exhibition halls at the Funkturm Berlin

The first FBK took place in the exhibition halls at the Funkturm Berlin in 1971. At that time, the so-called Counterculture of the 1960s movement was already in full swing. The unrest of this period had inspired many social groups, and artists as well were “woken up”, as Zeidler reported in his review in 1983.[4] Already at its beginning, the FBK was able to “look back on a Berlin tradition that was dating back to the Weimar Republic.”[5] However, early evidence of non-juried art exhibitions points to the 19th century. A poster collection at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum contains a poster by Ludwig von Hofmann. The draft of this poster – which he had originally designed in 1893 for the first Große Berliner Kunstausstellung – was rejected. The portrayal of a “sparsely clad young man was apparently seen as an offense and was removed by the Berlin police, according to contemporary reports.”[6] As some artists had been rejected by the jury of the Große Berliner Kunstausstellung, a second exhibition, which had called itself FBK, was organized, running concurrently with the Große Berliner Kunstausstellung. Its location was close by, across the road at the Moltke Bridge. It accepted Ludwig von Hofmann's poster. Käthe Kollwitz, who was still an unknown artist at that time, exhibited in 1895 in the FBK[7] which had always been seen as an alternative to the juried art exhibitions.

In addition to these early historical roots, the Non-Juried Art Exhibition featured a direct predecessor in 1965, as mentioned in the archives of the Association of Female Artists of Berlin.[8] After the FBK had presented its first exhibition in 1971, it took 12 years for an acting mayor of Berlin to officially comment on the exhibition.[9] Such comments had been anticipated for years. In 1983 Richard von Weizsäcker was the first mayor who was willing to write words of acknowledgement.[10] Since then greetings from the acting mayor of Berlin became a tradition.

The Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung has established itself in the cultural life of Berlin and beyond. It has long embodied a piece of Zeitgeist, changeable, full of surprises, appreciated or criticized, always alive. The 13th Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung will also spark discussions, raise questions and leave them unanswered, letting what is transitory and what is permanent come into contact. Berlin can not and should not do without an exhibition of this kind. I hope that it will generate the same lively interest which a receptive audience full of dedication and contradiction also devoted to its predecessors.

For the first time in 1990, after what was called Die Wende – after the fall of the Berlin Wall but before German reunificationWalter Momper, mayor of Berlin at that time, congratulated the FBK, hoping for “satisfied artists and many interested visitors from East and West”.[12] In 1991 the time had come to announce: “The 21st FBK is finally a free exhibition for all artists of Berlin.”[13]

From the very beginning, the “fiercely controversial but hotly loved”[14] FBK faced criticism, sometimes there was even harsh rejection. The critics turned against the concept of a non-juried exhibition, as well as the inclusion of anyone who wanted to exhibit. This allowed “young, unknown, perhaps also ‘not so good’ artists, such as hobby artists, to participate.” Many rejected this concept. Leonhardt pointed out the “charm of the FBK” and stressed that for some it was “a spring-board to a great career”.[14] For Nicole Bröhan, the “always controversial mixture of professional and amateur artists […] created its special appeal”.[5] In 1994 she wrote in the Berliner Zeitung[5] that she saw the FBK as “talent forging”. Despite all the positive reports, the FBK's continued existence was always at risk. “What a triumph! The FBK, which is dead at least once every year, will turn 25. Who would have thought?”[14] With these words, Ernst Leonhardt, meanwhile honorary chairman of the association, began his review at the FBK's 25th anniversary. He could not know at that time that, due to the financial situation, it would be the last opening of the FBK. For that exhibition to take place at all, there was an “art auction during which 1,000 works donated by Berlin artists were auctioned off” – “in order to support the exhibition”.[15]

Organization

Free Berlin Art Exhibition
Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung e. V.
AbbreviationFBK
MottoOrganization of the yearly art-exhibition FBK
Formation1970
Dissolved1995
TypeNGO
Location
  • Berlin
Staff
Hans-Joachim Zeidler (1971–1974)
Ernst Leonhardt (1981–1990)
Karin Rech (1991–1995)

Unlike the usual concepts of exhibitions, the goal of the FBK was for the artists themselves, not professional gallery owners or curators, to take over management and organization of the exhibition, as well as the hanging of the art works. A jury did not exist. Organizer of the exhibitions was the registered association of the FBK. The management of the exhibitions was led by the respective chairperson of the association, while the organizational aspects were handled by a group of seven members. The preparation and execution of the exhibitions was coordinated by the "Colleagues of the Management".[14] As a rule, the FBK took place in the second quarter of each year. Around Christmas the year before, registration forms were sent to the artists.

Two divisions were set up, a Free Division and a division for groups. The former consisted of professional artists only, the latter of non-professional artists who joined as groups. Among the many exhibiting artist groups were diverse artist associations, as well as students from the Berlin University of the Arts, which regularly exhibited as a large group of their own.

The usually not conflict-free process of hanging the art work was organized based on its own concept. A “Hanging Commission” was set up for the Free Division. It was the commission's responsibility to find a suitable place for about 1,200 works of art within three days.[14] The groups were each assigned a location appropriate to their size in which they arranged the hanging themselves.

Two-thirds of the exhibitors were professional artists, one third ‘hobby artists’.[16] At the 20th anniversary of the exhibition, the chairman expressed satisfaction that the Free Division and the groups were now “finally equal” in the allocation of space.[17] Among the celebrities of the exhibitors were Louise Rösler, Walter Stöhrer, Fred Thieler and Jürgen Draeger. The latter presented on his website several cover pages of the catalogs.[18] While for almost 20 years male artists were overrepresented, the gender distribution was balanced for the first time in 1990 – “without any quotation”, as Walter Momper acknowledged in his greeting.[12] In 1991 about 300 artists from the Eastern part of Berlin took part for the first time.

Despite financial difficulties, the FBK provided a catalog for all the exhibitions. These catalogs were printed on high-quality paper with support from the Berlin printing company Ruksal. From 1987 on, the catalogs were supplemented by a hall plan which made it easier to find the artists in the Free Division as well as in the groups.

Exhibition

For four weeks each year, between April and June, the FBK organizers opened the doors of the exhibition halls at the Funkturm Berlin and invited the public. “Drawings, pictures, spatial as well as sound and video installations, sculptures, collages, photography” were presented.[15] In addition to depressive performances,[19] there were also humorous inventions, such as a potency automat (1986)[20] or an art licensing machine(1989).[21] Over the years, not only the exhibition itself, but also the accompanying program developed. Prints and small sculptures were sold in a bazaar. On Saturdays there were guided tours. A traditional breakfast with jazz music and discussions enjoyed increasing popularity. A Kinderatelier (children's art room) was open daily where children, guided by artists, could paint. While the program changed at times, there were special readings by women, or “music played on historical instruments”.[22] The exhibition management was also interested in the outer appearance of the exhibition halls. A proposal for a flag project was repeatedly turned down by the Senate. Eventually the artists financed the project at their own expense. In 1989 “the visitors of the 19th FBK were greeted at the entrance to the exhibition halls by 70 colourful flags [...], which had never been shown before”.[23] In 1991, as in previous years, a “graphic competition for students of the Berlin University of the Arts” was organized.[13] In 1992, the project began with picture panels, 30 large-format paintings on the outside of the exhibition halls, designed to “catch the eye”.[15] For the first time in 1993, art discussions were held in which artists and visitors alike participated. They took place every day, with the aim to encourage “thinking with one's eyes”.[24] A five-minute-long video, published on YouTube on October 5, 2010, highlights events of the 19th FBK. It provides an impression of the atmosphere typical of the exhibitions.[21]

Media

The media-echo was slow in coming. In 1983 – twelve years after the FBK's opening – Leonhardt still expressed hope “that the media would finally provide stronger support to this exhibition”.[9] In 1990 he was able to report that “the acceptance we have recently received from the media was positive and seems to continue to be so.”[17] The Berliner Morgenpost which had already devoted a full, richly illustrated page[25] regarding the FBK, was also reporting regularly.

A forest of images rushes from Hall 20 at Hammarskjöldplatz to Hall 23, waiting for the visitors to explore it. […] Why should four halls deter Berliners […] trained by an exhibition like the Berlin International Green Week? And then there is also the matter of taste, which – as is well known – can't be disputed! Thus, Ernst Leonhardt likes to quote the words of the Secretary of State at the Kultursenator, Lutz von Pufendorf: If the FBK did not exist, it would have to be invented.

Renate von Eicken, Berliner Morgenpost on April 27th, 1986[25]

Finances

Besides numerous sponsors and catalog advertisers, the FBK was financed by the Senate of Berlin. Over the course of about 20 years, from 1971 to 1993, its budget had grown steadily from 120,000 Deutsche Mark (DM) to over 760,000 DM. During that period, from 1981 to 1983, the budget of the FBK had been fixed and was slightly reduced in 1984. Well-known companies of the city helped fill the gaps. Senator Volker Hassemer secured the budget in 1985 which increased during the following eight years. The rent also increased considerably over the years and amounted to nearly 400,000 DM in 1995, leaving only 360,000 DM of the Senate's grants for the realization of the exhibition.[26] This exhibition would not have been possible without donations from the artists. A year later the Senate stopped the grants entirely. That decision sealed the end of the FBK. During the jubilee exhibition in 1995 the organizers assumed that – while budget cuts had to be made – the FBK could still take place every second year, in a “2-year rhythm”,[27] as the former cultural director Ulrich Roloff-Momin had stated. Nothing came out of it. There were appeals, some of them were drastic:

A city like Berlin, where famous artists are trained at renowned universities, such a city must also provide for their artists and provide them with a forum. Not only imported art is respectable and noteworthy. A city without free art is dead.

Karin Rech, Katalog of the 24th FBK[28]

Figures

The figures presented here are incomplete. A first overview was published in the catalog of the 20th FBK relating to the years 1971 to 1989,[29] and a second one in the catalog of the 24th FBK for the years 1991 to 1993.[30] Thus, there is no information about 1990 and the last two years.

In the documented period – between 1983 and 1989 – the number of exhibitors increased from 750 to 2,400, with certain fluctuations. The number of groups involved rose from 25 to 82 and peaked with 91 groups in 1992. The number of visitors varied between 12,400 and 34,000 with a high in 1978. The grants made available by the Senate of Berlin for the organization and the set-up of the exhibition increased more or less continuously from 150,000 DM to more than 750,000 DM in 1993. In addition, there were not only sponsors, but also artists who sold their art to cover expenses of the exhibition.[26] Nevertheless, money was always scarce, as Ernst Leonhardt's constantly admonishing words in the catalogs testify. The exhibition space had increased over the years to 9,000 square meters[16] but the rent increased as well. It multiplied sixfold from the beginning to the last exhibition.

With the exception of the first two years, the number of art works that were sold increased consistently and grew steadily to a 6-figure sum, just under half a million in 1992. Yet, Leonhardt regrets: “Not more than about 5 % of the visual artists can support themselves through their work.”[31] There were discussions about the often modest purchases of art works by the Senate of Berlin which were in the single-digit percentage range of the budget for art purchases.“Ridiculous, the disillusioned say, that of a 670,000 DM budget less than 5 % was purchased at the FBK, even though the Senator himself considers this exhibition to be the most important of the year in Berlin.”[31]

Figures 1971–1980[29] (DM Deutsche Mark)
FBKExhibitorsGroupsVisitorsGrantRentSalesPurchases by SenatePurchases by State
19717392512.400150.000 DM65.000 DM52.500 DM18.000 DM
19729402918.000185.000 DM80.000 DM75.000 DM18.417 DM
19731.1643223.000202.000 DM90.000 DM120.000 DM22.069 DM
19741.5534028.000250.000 DM95.000 DM147.000 DM23.897 DM
19751.5645429.500270.000 DM55.000 DM130.000 DM25.856 DM25.000 DM
19761.6356130.000330.000 DM50.000 DM111.000 DM23.572 DM
19771.6736534.000345.000 DM50.000 DM153.000 DM23.500 DM16.500 DM
19781.8067436.000409.000 DM110.000 DM205.000 DM26.500 DM5.400 DM
19791.8327632.000450.000 DM120.000 DM282.000 DM25.000 DM135.000 DM
19801.9757626.000523.600 DM150.000 DM256.000 DM52.000 DM64.000 DM
Figures 1981–1989[29]
FBKExhibitorsGroupsVisitorsGrantRentSalesPurchases by SenatePurchases by State
19811.9626927.000560.000 DM150.000 DM261.000 DM26.000 DM63.000 DM
19822.0266229.000565.000 DM180.000 DM294.000 DM40.000 DM97.000 DM
19832.3006829.000565.000 DM195.000 DM331.800 DM37.000 DM77.250 DM
19842.1506127.500559.350 DM210.000 DM231.100 DM33.000 DM51.500 DM
19852.1007027.500595.000 DM225.000 DM191.100 DM33.000 DM51.500 DM
19862.4007733.900612.000 DM240.000 DM250.300 DM10.800 DM26.800 DM
19872.2507729.000630.000 DM260.000 DM305.200 DM59.560 DM18.800 DM
19882.3007228.200641.775 DM280.000 DM303.000 DM38.300 DM33.300 DM
19892.1007831.800648.740 DM300.400 DM377.000 DM39.300 DM16.000 DM
Figures 1991–1993[30]
FBKExhibitorsGroupsVisitorsGrantRentSalesPurchases by Senate
19912.3008429.000727.085 DM335.500 DM430.767 DM16.000 DM
19922.3009118.839785.780 DM355.750 DM310.199 DM33.350 DM
19932.4008221.500761.000 DM376.000 DM324.614 DM4.500 DM

Artists (selection)

Shahla Aghapour – Friedrich Ahlers-Hestermann – Günter Anlauf – Manfred Beelke – Wolfgang Bier – Gisela von Bruchhausen – Franziskus Dellgruen – Jürgen Draeger – Otto Drengwitz – Hans-Jürgen Gaudeck – Harald Gnade – Arwed D. Gorella – Ingrid Hartlieb – Ilja Heinig – Irene Herre – Jörg Hoffmann (Sculptor) – Thomas Hornemann – Peter Robert KeilMatthias Koeppel – Dietmar Lemcke – Ernst Leonhardt – Dieter Masuhr – Reinhard Matz – Louise Rösler – Karl-Ludwig Sauer – Gerhard Scheibe – Vera Solymosi-Thurzó – Christian W. StaudingerWalter Stöhrer – Herbert Strässer – Fred Thieler – Rainer M. Thurau – Klaus Tober – Heino D. Tripmacker – Jürgen Waller – Helmut Wolff (Artist) – Karlheinz Ziegler (Painter) – Hans-Joachim Zeidler

Managers and Organizers

Managers and Organizers 1971–1975[3]
FBK19711972197319741975
1st ChairpersonHans-Joachim ZeidlerHans-Joachim ZeidlerHans-Joachim ZeidlerHans-Joachim ZeidlerArwed D. Gorella
2nd ChairpersonDietmar LemckeDietmar LemckeDietmar LemckeDietmar LemckeDietmar Lemcke
Treasurer
SecretaryArwed D. GorellaArwed D. GorellaArwed D. GorellaArwed D. GorellaMatthias Koeppel
General ManagerOtto MaßnickOtto MaßnickOtto MaßnickOtto MaßnickOtto Maßnick
LeadershipFriedrich Ahlers-Hestermann]
Fritz Blau
Eugen Clermont
Bert Düerkop
Matthias Koeppel
Dietmar Lemcke
Hans-Joachim Zeidler
Friedrich Ahlers-Hestermann
Fritz Blau
Eugen Clermont
Bert Düerkop
Matthias Koeppel
Dietmar Lemcke
Hans-Joachim Zeidler
Manfred Beelke
Eugen Clermont
Bert Düerkop
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Matthias Koeppel
Günter Ohlwein
Dieter Ruckhaberle
Gert Vangermain
Manfred Beelke
Eugen Clermont
Bert Düerkop
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Günter Anlau
Dieter Ruckhaberle
Gert Vangermain
Manfred Beelke
Wolfgang Bier
Bert Düerkop
Ernst Leonhardt
Dieter Masuhr
Karlheinz Ziegler (Painter)
Technical LeaderUwe Witt
Managers and Organizers 1976–1980[3]
FBK19761977197819791980
1st ChairpersonArwed D. GorellaJürgen WallerJürgen WallerGünter AnlaufGünter Anlauf
2nd ChairpersonDietmar LemckeMatthias KoeppelMatthias KoeppelErnst Leonhardt (Artist)Ernst Leonhardt
Treasurer
SecretaryMatthias KoeppelGünter AnlaufGünter AnlaufGisela LehmannGisela Lehmann
General ManagerOtto MaßnickOtto MaßnickOtto MaßnickOtto MaßnickOtto Maßnick
LeadershipGünter Anlauf
Manfred Beelke
Wolfgang Bier
Bert Düerkop
Ernst Leonhardt
Dieter Masuhr
Karlheinz Ziegler (Painter)
Manfred Beelke
Gisela Lehmann
Ernst Leonhardt
Joachim Liestmann
Dieter Masuhr
Peter Müller
Karlheinz Ziegler
Manfred Beelke
Gisela Lehmann
Ernst Leonhardt
Joachim Liestmann
Dieter Masuhr
Peter Müller
Karlheinz Ziegler
Manfred Beelke
Martin Fricke
Joachim Liestmann
Dieter Masuhr
Peter Müller
Karin Rech
Karlheinz Ziegler
Manfred Beelke
Martin Fricke
Joachim Liestmann
Dieter Masuhr
Peter Müller
Karin Rech
Karlheinz Ziegler
Technical LeaderUwe WittUwe WittUwe WittUwe WittUwe Witt
Managers and Organizers 1981–1985[3]
FBK19811982198319841985
1st ChairpersonErnst Leonhardt (Artist)Ernst LeonhardtErnst LeonhardtErnst LeonhardtErnst Leonhardt
2nd ChairpersonGünter AnlaufGünter AnlaufGünter AnlaufGünter AnlaufPeter Müller
TreasurerPeter MüllerGünter Anlauf
SecretaryKarin RechKarin RechKarin RechKarin RechDieter Ruckhaberle
General ManagerOtto MaßnickOtto MaßnickOtto Maßnick
LeadershipManfred Beelke
Martin Fricke
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Rudolf Hübler
Joachim Liestmann
Peter Müller
Lo Zahn
Manfred Beelke
Martin Fricke
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Rudolf Hübler
Joachim Liestmann
Peter Müller
Lo Zahn
Manfred Beelke
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Rudolf Hübler
Joachim Liestmann
Peter Müller
Norbert Stratmann
Lo Zahn
Manfred Beelke
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Rudolf Hübler
Joachim Liestmann
Norbert Stratmann
Lo Zahn
Manfred Beelke
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Joachim Liestmann
Norbert Stratmann
Mara Hahlbrock
Ernst v. Hopffgarten
Dieter Tyspe
Technical LeaderOtto Maßnick
Dieter Zahn
Otto Maßnick
Dieter Zahn
Dieter ZahnDieter ZahnDieter Zahn
Acting ManagerErnst LeonhardtErnst Leonhardt
Managers and Organizers 1986–1990[3]
FBK19861987198819891990
1st ChairpersonErnst Leonhardt (Artist)Ernst LeonhardtErnst LeonhardtErnst LeonhardtErnst Leonhardt
2nd ChairpersonGünter AnlaufGünter AnlaufGünter AnlaufPeter MüllerPeter Müller
TreasurerPeter MüllerPeter MüllerPeter MüllerKarin RechKarin Rech
SecretaryDieter RuckhaberleDieter RuckhaberleDieter RuckhaberleNorbert WirthNorbert Wirth
General ManagerBärbel StegmessBärbel StegmessBärbel StegmessBärbel StegmessBärbel Stegmess
LeadershipManfred Beelke
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Joachim Liestmann
Norbert Stratmann
Mara Hahlbrock
Ernst v. Hopffgarten
Dieter Tyspe
Manfred Beelke
Gisela von Bruchhausen
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Joachim Liestmann
Norbert Stratmann
Ernst v. Hopffgarten
Dieter Tyspe
Bernd Beck
Gisela v. Bruchhausen
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Peter Kurz
Gisela Lehmann
Dieter Masuhr
Karin Rech
Bernd Beck
Gisela v. Bruchhausen
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Peter Kurz
Gisela Lehmann
Dieter Masuhr
Christian Buchloh
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Norbert Fritsch
Joachim Liestmann
Martin Noll
Oda Schöller
Jan-Michael Sobottka
Technical LeaderWerner AhrensWerner AhrensWerner AhrensWerner AhrensWerner Ahrens
Managers and Organizers 1991–1994[3]
FBK1991199219931994
1st ChairpersonKarin RechKarin RechKarin RechKarin Rech
2nd ChairpersonPeter MüllerPeter MüllerPeter MüllerPeter Müller
TreasurerEleonore FuchsEleonore Fuchs–HeidelbergEleonore Fuchs–HeidelbergEleonore Fuchs–Heidelberg
SecretararyNorbert WirthNorbert WirthNorbert FritschNorbert Fritsch
General ManagerBärbel StegmessBärbel StegmessBärbel StegmessBärbel Stegmess
LeadershipChristian Buchloh
Norbert Fritsch
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Joachim Liestmann
Martin Noll
Oda Schoeller
Jan-Michael Scobottka
Christian Buchloh
Norbert Fritsch
Manfred Fuchs
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Joachim Liestmann
Martin Noll
Oda Schoeller
Christian Buchloh
Manfred Fuchs
H. Oskar Gonschorr
Joachim Liestmann
Martin Noll
Carola Peitz
Oda Schoeller
Christian Buchloh
Manfred Fuchs
Joachim Liestmann
Martin Noll
Oda Schoeller
Oliver Scholten
Anna Werkmeister
Technical LeaderWerner AhrensDetlef MallwitzDetlef MallwitzDetlef Mallwitz
Honorary ChairpersonErnst Leonhardt (Artist)Ernst LeonhardtErnst LeonhardtErnst Leonhardt

References and Remarks

  1. Ernst Leonhardt, "Vorwort", 21. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 5
  2. Hans Joachim Zeidler, "Eröffnungsrede", Katalog der 25. FBK (in German), pp. 26–27
  3. "In 25 Jahren – Vorstände und Organisatoren", 25. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, pp. 28–31
  4. Hans-Joachim Zeidler, "Kleiner Rückblick auf die FBK", 13. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 6
  5. Nicole Bröhan, "Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung in den Hallen am Funkturm: Bunter Szene-Querschnitt", Berliner Zeitung (in German)
  6. "Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung 1893" (PDF; 560 kB) (in German). Germanisches Nationalmuseum. pp. 32–33. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
  7. N.N. "Als erste Frau Mitglied der Akademie der Künste. Käthe Kollwitz" (in German). Humanistischer Pressedienst. Retrieved 2016-10-10. Bereits 1895 nahm sie an der „Freien Kunstausstellung“ in Berlin teil.
  8. Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnen 1867 e. V. Archived 2015-11-23 at the Wayback Machine: see „1965“.
  9. Ernst Leonhardt, "Vorwort", 13. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 5
  10. Richard von Weizsäcker, "Geleitwort", 13. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 3
  11. Richard von Weizsäcker in his Geleitwort zur 13. FBK
  12. Walter Momper, "Grußwort", 20. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 3
  13. Karin Rech, "Vorwort", 21. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 5
  14. Ernst Leonhardt, "Nach 25 Jahren", 25. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 7
  15. o.V., "Am Funkturm begann gestern die 25. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung: Kunterbuntes Kaleidoskop", Berliner Zeitung (in German)
  16. Ulrich Roloff-Momin, "Grußwort", 24. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 3
  17. Ernst Leonhardt, "Vorwort", 20. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 5
  18. "Jürgen Draeger. Der Maler. 1959 – Große Berliner Kunstausstellung" (in German). Retrieved 2016-10-10.
  19. Massenmordident on YouTube
  20. Renate von Eicken, "Supermarkt der schönen Künste", Berliner Morgenpost (Berliner Illustrierte) (in German)
  21. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung 1989 on YouTube
  22. FBK, "Aktivitäten in der 18. FBK", 18. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 25
  23. FBK, "Fahnen-Projekt", 19. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 26
  24. Karin Rech, "Vorwort", 23. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 5
  25. Renate von Eicken, Christian Irrgang (Fotos), "Supermarkt der schönen Künste", Berliner Morgenpost (Berliner Illustrierte) (in German), p. 3
  26. Karin Rech, "Vorwort", 25. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 5
  27. Ulrich Roloff-Momin, "Grußwort", 25. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 3
  28. Karin Rech, "Vorwort", 24. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 5
  29. FBK, "20 Jahre FBK", 20. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 391
  30. FBK, "Zahlen der FBK", 24. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 361
  31. Ernst Leonhardt, "Vorwort", 16. Freie Berliner Kunstausstellung (in German), Berlin, p. 5

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