Fuscoporia torulosa

Fuscoporia torulosa is a species of bracket fungus in the genus Fuscoporia, family Hymenochaetaceae. A wood-decay fungus, it causes a white rot of heartwood in dead and living hardwood trees in Europe,[17] and in coniferous trees in North America.[18]

Fuscoporia torulosa
Fuscoporia torulosa, upperside
Underside
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Basidiomycetes
Order:
Hymenochaetales
Family:
Hymenochaetaceae
Genus:
Fuscoporia
Species:
F. torulosa
Binomial name
Fuscoporia torulosa
(Pers.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. (2001)
Synonyms
  • Phellinus torulosus Bourdot & Galzin
  • Mucronoporus torulosus (Pers.) Zmitr., Malysheva & Spirin 2006[1]
  • Fomes castaneae Woron. 1925[2]
  • Fomes ceratoniae (Lázaro Ibiza) Sacc. & Trotter 1925[3]
  • Polyporus assimilis Velen. 1922[4]
  • Pseudofomes ceratoniae Lázaro Ibiza 1916[5]
  • Boudiera rubripora (Quél.) Lázaro Ibiza 1916[6]
  • Polyporus marucuccianus Lloyd 1915[7]
  • Fomes torulosus (Pers.) Lloyd 1910[8]
  • Fomes rubriporus (Quél.) Bres. & Cavara 1900[9]
  • Phellinus rubriporus (Quél.) Quél. 1886[10]
  • Polyporus fuscopurpureus Boud. 1881[11]
  • Polyporus rubriporus Quél. 1881[12]
  • Polyporus torulosus (Pers.) Pers. 1825[13]
  • Boletus torulosus Pers. 1818[14]
  • Agarico-igniarium tegularium Paulet 1793[15]
  • Fuscoporia torulosa (Pers.) T. Wagner & M. Fisch. 2001[16]

Taxonomy

Until recently, this species was known as Phellinus torulosus. However, a phylogenetic study in 2001 resulted in the genus Phellinus being split into five new genera, and P. torulosus being renamed to Fuscoporia torulosa.[19]

Description
Fuscoporia torulosa

The fruiting bodies of this species are semicircular or shell-shaped, with dimensions of 12–30 centimetres (4.7–11.8 in) broad by 4–10 centimetres (1.6–3.9 in) long.[20] The brackets are typically 1–3 centimetres (0.39–1.18 in) thick,[20] although it can be considerably thicker at the point of the broad attachment to the tree. Ryvarden and Gilbertson give maximum fruiting body dimensions of 46 centimetres (18 in) wide by 28 centimetres (11 in) long by 11 centimetres (4.3 in) thick.[18] The fruiting body margin is rounded, and sometimes wavy, felt-like or tomentose on the flattened upper surface, which is typically orange-brown to rusty-brown in color.[20] The color of the lower pore-bearing surface is cinnamon-, rust-, or olivaceous-brown, and there are 5 to 6 pores per millimeter.[20]

Microscopic features

Basidiospores are ovoid or ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth, with dimensions of 4–6 × 3–4 µm. The basidia are club-shaped, 4-spored, with dimensions of 14–16 × 5–6 µm.[18]

Habitat and distribution

Although its preferred host is Quercus,[20][21] Fuscoporia torulosa has been reported growing on a variety of hardwood trees: Acer, Arbutus, Calluna, Castanea, Celtis, Ceratonia, Cercis, Cistus, Citrus, Cornus, Crataegus, Cydonia, Erica, Eucalyptus, Euonymus, Fagus, Fraxinus, Grevillea, Helianthemum, Juglans, Laurus, Malus, Melaleuca, Morus, Myrtus, Olea, Ostrya, Parrotia, Phillyrea, Pistacia, Pittosporum, Populus, Prunus, Punica, Pryus, Robinia, Rosa, Salix, Spartium, Ulex, Ulmus, Viburnum, Vitis, and, more rarely, conifers like Cedrus, Cupressus, Larix, Picea, and Pinus. Recently, F. torulosa has been reported as infecting more than 160 species of plants; most of these infections results in the plant's premature death.[22]

Modern identification techniques

Production of visible fruiting bodies by F. torulosa does not happen until long after the tree has been initially infected, as it takes some time for the fungal mycelia to colonize the host. For this reason it often escapes detection until it is too late to save the tree. In 2007, a rapid detection method was reported that uses DNA technology, specifically the polymerase chain reaction, to enable detection of fungal mycelia in infected tissues in roughly six hours.[22]

Fuscoporia torulosa. Museum specimen

References
  1. Spirin, W.A.; Zmitrovich, I.V.; Malysheva, V.F. (2006) [To the systematics of Phellinus s.l. and Inonotus s.l. (Mucronoporaceae, Hymenochaetales), In: Nov. sist. Niz. Rast. 40:153–188
  2. Woron. (1925), In: Annls mycol. 23(3/6):298
  3. Sacc. & Trotter (1925), In: Syll. fung. (Abellini) 23:388
  4. Velenovský (1922), In: Ceské Houby 4–5:677
  5. Lázaro Ibiza (1916), In: Revta R. Acad. Cienc. exact. fis. nat. Madr. 14:586
  6. Lázaro Ibiza (1916), In: Revta R. Acad. Cienc. exact. fis. nat. Madr. 14:838
  7. Lloyd (1915), In: Mycol. Writ. 4 (Syn. Apus):348
  8. Lloyd (1910), In: Mycol. Writ. 3:470
  9. Bres. & Cavara (1900), In: Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital., N.S. 7:313
  10. Quél. (1886), In: Enchir. fung. (Paris):173
  11. Boud. (1881), In: Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 28:92
  12. Quél. (1881), In: Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç. Avancem. Sci. 9:669
  13. Pers. (1825), In: Mycol. eur. (Erlanga) 2:79
  14. Pers. (1818), In: Traité sur les Champignons Comestibles (Paris):94
  15. Paulet (1793), In: Traité Champ., Atlas 2:87
  16. Wagner, T.; Fischer, M. (2001) Natural groups and a revised system for the European poroid Hymenochaetales (Basidiomycota) supported by nLSU rDNA sequence data, In: Mycol. Res. 105(7):773–782
  17. Bernicchia A. (2005). Fungi Europaei 10: Polyporaceae s.l. Edizioni Candusso, Italia.
  18. Ryvarden, Leif. (1994). European Polypores. Lubrecht & Cramer Ltd. pp. 523–524. ISBN 82-90724-13-6.
  19. Wagner T, Fischer M. (2001). Natural groups and revised system for the European poroid Hymenochaetales (Basidiomycota) supported by nLSU rDNA sequence data. Mycological Research 105: 773–82.
  20. Ellis, J. B.; Ellis, Martin B. (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): an Identification Handbook. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-36970-2.
  21. Loizides, M. (2011). Quercus alnifolia: The indigenous golden oak of Cyprus and its fungi. Field Mycology 12 (3): 81–88. doi:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2011.06.004.
  22. Campanile G, Schena L, Luisi N. (2007). "Real-time PCR identification and detection of Fuscoporia torulosa in Quercus ilex". Plant Pathology 57(1): 76–83. Abstract
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