Georgian Legion (1941–45)

During the Second World War, the Wehrmacht's ethnic Georgian Legion was formed from émigrés living in Western Europe after the 1921 Soviet invasion of Georgia, combined with Soviet prisoners of war of Georgian origin who chose to fight for Germany rather than submit to often brutally poor living conditions in POW camps.

Shalva Loladze, leader of the Texel Uprising

Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, though they never reached Soviet Georgia. The main Georgian Legion was formed in December 1941. The Georgians trained in western Ukraine and became operational in the autumn of 1942. At least 30,000 Georgians served in the German armed forces during World War II. The Georgians served in thirteen field battalions of up to 800 men, each made up of five companies. Georgians were also found in the Wehrmacht's North Caucasian Legion and in other Caucasian ethnic legions. The Georgian military formations were commanded by Shalva Maglakelidze, Michel-Fridon Zulukidze, Col. Solomon Nicholas Zaldastani and other officers formerly of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–21).

In addition to this main legion, at the behest of German occupiers in Paris ensconced in the Hotel Lutetia from the spring of 1940, Michel Kedia and Akaki Chavgoulidze, owners of a yoghurt business, began forming units of Georgian emigres living in the French capital. The men were told they were to assist Germany by conducting surveillance in German factories and performing other non-military tasks like driving trucks of supplies. In return, the Germans promised to restore the independence of Georgia, suppressed by Stalin, Beriia and other Bolsheviks in 1921 and again in 1924. The men were given a short course in anti-sabotage work at a Chateau near Orleans. Following that, however, the recruits actually were organized into three military units and entrained toward eastern Europe. The units were named for Tamara, a twelfth-century Georgian Queen. Tamara I consisted of 19 men. They parachuted into Russia. Most disappeared although four returned to Paris and were arrested in 1944. The first section of Tamara II consisted of 90 men. They left Paris 1 July 1941. About nine survived. The second section of Tamara II, consisting of 54 men, left Paris 15 July 1941. Approximately 15 resurfaced. The recruits of the Tamara II units milled about in Romania, southern Ukraine and the Crimean Peninsula. Some, who became ill, received medical treatment in Vienna or other venues and were allowed to return to Paris. Some fled. Most were demobilized in the fall of 1942 although they were asked to help suppress Communist uprisings expected at the end of the war. The men were initially given 3,000 francs and their families were given stipends. [source: Mary Schaeffer Conroy, Collaboration with Germany by Georgians in France during World War II. (Lap-Lambert Academic Press, 2018), pp. 33-43]

Upon their return to Paris, some of the men in the Tamara units worked for Chalva Odicharia. He directed "Bureaus of Purchase." These assisted the German occupation by rooting out and suppressing sabotage, confiscating Jewish properties, and acquiring scarce materials for the Germans. Odicharia's assistants included 33 Georgians, as well as 7 Russians, 3 Italians, 2 Corsicans, 2 Germans, 1 Alsatian, 1 Tunisian, 1 Portuguese, 1 Martinique resident, 2 Czechs, and 30 French citizens. Two of the assistants were Jews, four were women. [source: Conroy, Collaboration, pp. 47-78]

Wounded Georgian Legion soldiers at Texel, Netherlands, 1945

This venture was largely hampered by the intervention of Alfred Rosenberg. Adolf Hitler himself was greatly suspicious of the Georgian and other Soviet battalions. This was especially so after some Georgian soldiers of the Wehrmacht deserted and joined local Resistance movements across Europe, especially in Italy and France. Despite these suspicions, Alexander Nikuradze, Michael Achmeteli, and some other Georgian scholars were held in high esteem in Germany and managed to keep a somewhat favorable treatment of Georgians by the Reich.[7]

As a result of Hitler's distrust of Osttruppen ("Eastern Troops"), some Georgian battalions were moved west to occupation duties in the Netherlands. With the western allies driving into Germany, the 822 Georgian battalion, stationed on the Dutch island of Texel, rebelled against their German overlords. The resulting battle, known as the Georgian uprising on Texel, continued from April 5, 1945 past the general German surrender, until May 20. This event is sometimes described as Europe's last battle.[8]

In accordance with inter-Allied agreements, all Soviet citizens were to be repatriated, by force if necessary, to the Soviet Union. The Soviets treated those who wore German uniforms, such as those in the Georgian Legion, as traitors. They were punished upon their return, with many exiled to Siberia or Central Asia.[9]

List of Georgian units in the Wehrmacht (incomplete)

• 795 Battalion "Shalva Maglakelidze"

Fighting: 1942 in North Ossetia, 1944 in France

• 796 Battalion.

Fighting: 1942/43 in Tuapse, North Caucasus

• 797 Battalion "Giorgi Saakadze"

Fighting: 1943/44 in France

• 798 Battalion

Fighting: 1943/44 in France 1945 in Germany

• 799 Battalion

Fighting: 1943/44 in France, 1945 in Germany

• 822 Battalion "Tamara"

Fighting: 1943/44/45 in France and on Texel (Netherlands)

• 823 Battalion
• 824 Battalion

Fighting: 1944 in Lvov, Poland

• SS Waffengruppe "Georgien" was formed on December 11, 1944 and commanded by SS Waffen-Standartenführer Michail Pridon Tsulukidze

The elite Bergmann Battalion, part of the Brandenburgers of the German Abwehr also had a majority of Georgian personnel.

• Ostlegionen
• Tetri Giorgi
• Bergmann Battalion
• Union of Georgian Traditionalists
• Georgian Uprising of Texel
• The Georgian Legion (1914-1918)

• Lang, David Marshall (1962), A Modern History of Georgia, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

[Alexander Statiev, At War's Summit: The Red Army and the Struggle for the Caucasus Mountains in World War II. (Cambridge University press, 2018)

• Soviet Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht during World War II
• Essay on the 822nd Georgia Battalion of the German Army
• List of units and photogallery (Georgian)