Greaser (subculture)

The etymology for the term greaser is unknown.[1]^:109 It is speculated that the word originated in the 19th century in the United States as a derogatory label for poor laborers, specifically those of Hispanic or Italian descent.[2] The similar term "greaseball" became a slur for individuals of Italian descent, though to a lesser extent it has also been used more generally to refer to all Mediterranean, Latin, or Hispanic people.[3][4][5] By the time of the Civil War, the word was understood to carry racist and segregationist meanings.[6]^:31 It was later used to reference automotive mechanics. It was not used in writing to refer to the American subculture of the mid-20th century until the mid-1960s, though in this sense it still evoked a pejorative connotation and a relation to machine work. [2][lower-alpha 1] The name was applied to members of the subculture because of their characteristic greased-back hair.[9]

Within Greater Baltimore during the 1950s and early 1960s, greasers were parochially referred to as drapes and drapettes.[10][11][12]

The greaser subculture may have emerged in the post-World War II era among the motorcycle clubs and gangs of the late 1940s in the United States, though it was certainly established by the 1950s.[2][lower-alpha 2] The original greasers were aligned by a feeling of working class and lower class disillusionment with American popular culture, either through a lack of economic opportunity in spite of the post-war boom or a marginalization enacted by the general domestic shift towards homogeneity in the 1950s.[13] Most were male, usually ethnic or white working class outsiders, and were interested in hotrod culture or motorcycling.[2] A handful of middle-class youth were drawn to the subculture for its rebellious attitude.[14]

The weak structural foundation of the greasers can be attributed to the subculture's origins in working-class youth possessing few economic resources with which to participate in American consumerism.[15] Greasers, unlike motorcyclists, did not explicitly have their own interest clubs or publications. As such, there was no business marketing geared specifically towards the group.[16] Their choice in clothing was largely drawn from a common understanding of the empowering aesthetic of working-class attire, rather than a cohesive association with similarly dressed individuals.[16] Some greasers were in motorcycle clubs or in street gangs—and conversely, some gang members and bikers dressed like greasers—though such membership was not necessarily an inherent principle of the subculture.[17]

Ethnically, original greasers were composed mostly of Italian Americans in the Northeast and Chicanos in the Southwest. Since both of these groups were mostly olive skinned, the "greaser" label assumed a quasi-racial status that implied an urban, ethnic, lower-class masculinity and delinquency. This development led to an ambiguity in the racial distinction between poor Italian Americans and Puerto Ricans in New York City in the 1950s and 1960s.[15] Greasers were also perceived as being predisposed to perpetrating sexual violence, evoking fear in middle-class males but also titillation for middle-class females.[18]

Though the television show American Bandstand helped to "sanitize" the negative image of greasers in the 1960s and 1970s, sexual promiscuity was still seen as a key component of the modern character.[19] By the mid-1970s, the greaser image had become a quintessential part of 1950s nostalgia and cultural revival.[20]

Young greaser in the Southeastern United States, 1956

The most notable physical characteristic of greasers was the greased-back hairstyles they fashioned for themselves through use of hair products such as pomade or petroleum jelly, which necessitated frequent combing and reshaping to maintain.[8] Males sported coiffures adopted from early rock 'n' roll and rockabilly performers such as Elvis Presley, among them the Folsom, Pompadour, Elephant's trunk, and Duck's ass, while females commonly backcombed or teased their hair.[21]

Male greasers typically wore loose cotton twill trousers, common among the working class, or dark blue Levi's jeans, widely popular among all American youth in the 1950s. The latter were often cuffed over ankle-high black or brown leather boots,[8] including cowboy, steel-toed engineer, or harness styles. Other footwear choices included Chuck Taylor All-Stars, brothel creepers and winklepickers.[22] Male tops were typically solid black or white T-shirts, ringer T-shirts, or sometimes tank tops (which would have been retailed as underwear). Choices of outerwear included denim or leather jackets (including Perfecto motorcycle jackets). Female greaser dress included leather jackets and risque clothing, such as tight and cropped capris and pedal pushers (broadly popular during the time period).[23]

In the early 1950s, there was significant greaser interest in doo-wop, a black genre of music from the industrial cities of the Northeast that had disseminated to mainstream American music through Italian American performers.[15] Greasers were heavily associated with the culture surrounding rock n' roll, a musical genre that had induced feelings of a moral panic among older middle-class generations during the mid-to-late 1950s, to whom greasers epitomized the connection between rock music and juvenile delinquency professed by several important social and cultural observers of the time.[18]