Gymnopilus junonius

Gymnopilus junonius is a species of mushroom in the family Cortinariaceae. Commonly known as the Spectacular Rustgill, this large orange mushroom is typically found growing on tree stumps, logs, or tree bases. Some subspecies of this mushroom contain the neurotoxic oligoisoprenoid gymnopilin.

Gymnopilus junonius
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Cortinariaceae
Genus:
Gymnopilus
Binomial name
Gymnopilus junonius
(Fr.) P.D.Orton (1960)
Approximate range of Gymnopilus junonius
Synonyms
  • Agaricus aureus Bull. (1782)
  • Agaricus junonius Fr. (1821)
  • Lepiota aurea Gray (1821)
  • Pholiota junonia (Fr.) P.Karst. (1879)
  • Pholiota grandis Rea (1903)
  • Pholiota spectabilis var. junonia (Fr.) J.E.Lange (1940)
  • Gymnopilus spectabilis var. junonius (Fr.) Kühner & Romagn. (1953)
Gymnopilus junonius
float
Mycological characteristics
gills on hymenium
cap is convex
hymenium is adnate
stipe has a ring
spore print is reddish-brown
ecology is saprotrophic
edibility: inedible

Taxonomy

This species was formerly known as Gymnopilus spectabilis, or Pholiota spectabilis v. junonia (Fr.) J.E Lange.[1] The 'Gymn' in the present nomen means 'naked', and 'Juno' was the wife of Jupiter.[2]

Description

The cap ranges from 7 to 20 cm across, is convex, and is bright yellow-orange in younger specimens and orange/brown or reddish brown in older ones, with a dry scaly surface. The stem is 2.5 to 26.5 cm long, 1 to 4 cm thick, and often narrows near the base. The frail ring is dusted with rusty orange spores, the flesh is yellow and the gill attachment to the stem is adnate to sub-decurrent. It has a bitter taste, stains red with KOH and turns green when cooked in a pan. The spore print is rusty orange. It never bruises blue, unlike its psychoactive relatives. [3] This mushroom usually grows in clusters from several to several dozen individuals, but sometimes grows solitary.

Gymnopilus junonius

Similar species

This mushroom is often mistaken for Gymnopilus ventricosus, which also contains no psilocybin. [3]

Distribution and habitat

Gymnopilus junonius is found in Europe, Australasia and both North[4][5][6] and South America. It grows in dense clusters on stumps and logs of hardwoods and conifers. This mushroom is most common in moist, lowland wooded areas near rivers.

Biochemistry

This mushroom has relatives which contain the hallucinogen psilocybin. This mushroom contains bis-noryangonin and hispidin, which are structurally related to alpha-pyrones found in kava.[7] Japanese researchers have found oligoisoprenoids, or neurotoxins in this mushroom.[8]

See also

References
  1. Roger Phillips (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. ISBN 0-330-44237-6.
  2. Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
  3. Thorn, R. Greg; Malloch, David W.; Saar, Irja; Lamoureux, Yves; Nagasawa, Eiji; Redhead, Scott A.; Margaritescu, Simona; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc (2020-04-24). "New species in the Gymnopilus junonius group (Basidiomycota: Agaricales)". Botany. Canadian Science Publishing: 293–315. doi:10.1139/cjb-2020-0006. ISSN 1916-2790.
  4. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2020-09-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2020-09-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2020-09-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. Hatfield, G.M.; Brady, L.R. (1969). "Occurrence of bis-noryangonin in Gymnopilus spectabilis". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 58 (10): 1298–1299. doi:10.1002/jps.2600581039. PMID 5388695.
  8. Tanaka, Masayasu; Hashimoto, Kimiko; Okunoa, Toshikatsu; Shirahama, Haruhisa (1993). "Neurotoxic oligoisoprenoids of the hallucinogenic mushroom, Gymnopilus spectabilis". Phytochemistry. 34 (3): 661–664. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(93)85335-O.
  • C.J. Alexopolous, Charles W. Mims, M. Blackwell et al., Introductory Mycology, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken NJ, 2004) ISBN 0-471-52229-5
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