Hannya

The name hannya (般若) is a Sino-Japanese word for prajna or wisdom. One tradition states that this name was given to this mask because it was the name of an artist monk Hannya-bō (般若坊) who is said to have perfected its creation.[2][3] An alternative explanation is that the artist would need a great deal of wisdom in order to create this mask.[4]

The Hannya mask is used in many noh and kyōgen Japanese plays, as well as in Shinto ritual kagura dances.[5] The Hannya mask portrays the souls of women who have become demons due to obsession or jealousy (similar to the Buddhist concept of a Hungry ghost). Plays in which a person may wear the hannya mask include Aoi no Ue and Dōjōji; its use in these two plays, two of the most famous of the Noh repertoire, and its distinctive and frightening appearance make it one of the most recognizable Noh masks.

The Hannya mask is said to be demonic and dangerous but also sorrowful and tormented, displaying the complexity of human emotions. When the actor looks straight ahead, the mask appears frightening and angry; when tilted slightly down, the face of the demon appears to be sorrowful, as though crying. The oldest hannya mask is dated 1558.

Hannya masks appear in various skin tones: a white mask indicates a woman with a refined character (such as the aristocratic lady Rokujō in Aoi no Ue), a red mask depicts a less refined character (like the spirit of peasant girl seen in Dōjōji), and the darkest red depicts true demons (revealed after appearing as women, as in Momijigari and Kurozuka.)[6][7]

In the film Onibaba, the older woman wears a Hannya mask after stealing it from a Samurai.

The Demon (鬼), a stop-motion short film by Kihachirō Kawamoto, features an onibaba with the face of Hannya.

In the mobile game Onmyoji, Hannya is a shikigami who has a hannya mask on his forehead and another huge one on his back.

In the Yakuza series, the character Goro Majima has a large tattoo of a Hannya on his back. He also has an alter-ego, Hannya-Man, in Yakuza Kiwami, that wears a Hannya mask.

In a Detective Conan anime-only case, a woman who killed the people who drove her sister to suicide used the Hannya as a murder motif. The Hannya legend also influences a local tradition that follows the story of two envious girls who set up another named Ohana to be executed so they can steal her various kimono, but end up murdered by Ohana's vengeful soul, reborn as an immortal demon.[8]

In the 1995 platform game Mega Man 7, the boss of the third Wily Fortress stage is HannyaNED², a Hannya-shaped flying robot Dr. Wily had found frozen in a glacier and that swore loyalty to him after being rescued.

In the 1998 survival horror video game, Clock Tower II: The Struggle Within, one of the stalkers named George Maxwell wears a Hannya mask while wielding a large hatchet, implying when he was infected with a parasitic bacteria and became insane, he concealed his face with the mask.

In the 2019 action adventure video game, Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice, one of the bosses named the Corrupted Monk wears a Haanya mask to conceal her true face. She is based on the story of Yao Bikuni and the Ningyo and bears a likeness to her story, being an immortal monk who gained immortality due to eating a type of meat.[9]

In the popular webnovel My Vampire System, the character Layla is transformed into a Hannya through the blood ritural performed by the main character Quinn, upon her request.

• Aoi no Ue - worn by the Lady Rokujō in her second-half appearance as a demon.
• Dōjōji - can be worn by the dancing woman in her second-half appearance as a snake, though the Shinja (真蛇) mask is also used.
• Kurozuka (known in the Kanze school as Adachigahara) - worn by the spinning woman of Adachigahara after she is revealed to be a demon.
• Momijigari - can be worn by the noblewoman after she is revealed to be a demon.

• Hungry ghost

• Netsuke: masterpieces from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains many examples of Hannya