Haplogroup G-M285

While most research studies have failed to test for G1, likely or proven examples have been found in four groups (by geography and/or and/or secondary subclade):

• Iran/Central Asia (including Russian Central Siberia, Kazakhstan and Pakistan);
• the Middle East/South-East Europe (e.g. Greece, Turkey, Iraq, Dubai, Palestine, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Yemen);
• in very small numbers in South Asia (e.g. Nepal, India and Sri Lanka), and;
• at very low frequencies in the rest of Europe.[4]

The highest reported concentration of G1 and its subgroups in a single country is in Iran, with next most frequent concentrations in neighboring countries to the west. Specifically G1 was found in 5% of 177 samples from southern Iran in one study. The same study found G1 in 3% of 33 samples in northern Iran. The percentage in the south was almost equal to the percentage of G2, the only region in the world where G2 types were not found to be heavily dominant.[5] Earlier studies which found about the same percentages of G in various parts of Iran failed to test specifically for G1.[6][7]

In Turkey, Cinnioglu found 1% of 523 samples of all types belonging to haplogroup G1 and like all available G1 outside Iran G1 was overshadowed by a much larger number of G2 men in the sample. All but one of the G1 samples in this study belonged to the further subgroup G1a, and all the samples were from northeastern Turkey.[8]

A study of Lebanon by Zalloua et al. failed to test for G1, but 26% of 38 G samples had the value of 12 for STR marker DYS392, almost always characteristic of G1. These G1 samples represent only 2% of the 587 total Lebanese samples and were well distributed among all religious groups there.[9]

A broader study of the Levant by El-Sibai et al. also failed to test for G1, but 12% of 17 Syrian G samples had the 12 value at DYS392. These G1 samples represent less than 1% of 354 Syrian samples. In the same study, 21% of 14 Jordanian G samples had the 12 value. These G1 samples represent 1% of 274 Jordanian samples. None of 8 Egyptian G samples had the 12 value.[10]

The likely G samples in the YHRD database [11] from the southern Caucasus area (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Abazinia, Abkhazia) and from the northern Caucasus (North Ossetians, Kabardinians, Ingushians, Darginians, Lezginians, Rutulians and Chechnians) have only several 12-value DYS392 samples that might be G1.

The highest concentration of G1 within a distinct group within a country was reported among the Madjars of Kazakhstan where G1 persons comprised 87% of 45 samples, Argyn - 67%.[12]

Subgroup G1a (P20) is rather common among G1 persons, but the reliability of SNP P20 in identifying G1a persons makes some tests for P20 a problem.[13] P20 results may be reported as P20.1, P20.2 and P20.3, and persons may have varying results for each. The technical features of P20 are: Y position is 25029911; 23396163.....forward primer is tggatctgattcacaggtag.....reverse primer is ccaacaatatgtcacaatctc...the mutation is a deletion of C.[2] The mutation was identified at the University of Arizona and first reported by the Y Chromosome Consortium in 2002.[14] Category G1a has a separate subgroup based on the presence of the value of 8 at short tandem repeat marker DYS494. With the exception of this G1a subgroup, all other G persons have 9 at this slowly mutating marker. So far about half of G1a persons who are otherwise ungrouped have this 8 value.[15]

G1a1 (L201, L202 and L203) were identified in a G1a person tested at Family Tree DNA in fall 2009, Subsequent testing showed that only some G1a persons have these mutations, and so far they are all from a closely related Ashkenazi Jewish cluster of men. The following Y positions were noted: 2718285 for L201, 13001714 for L202 and 13001715 for L203. In L201 the mutation is C to T; in L202 from T to C; and in L203 from A to G. If any man should have one of these SNP mutations without the others, this information would become the basis of a new G1a1 classification.

Old G1b (P76) was removed from the official listing in August, 2012, because its discovery in a single person makes it so far only a private SNP.

G1b (L830, L831, L832, L834, L835) were identified in late 2011 at Family Tree DNA. The G1c mutations are: L830 (T to C at position 6923908), L831 (T to C at position 6991562), L832 (T to G at position 12796626), L834 (T to A at position 16019950), L835 (G to A at position 16291409).

There exist two distinctive European-ancestry Ashkenazi Jewish clusterings within G1a1 and G1c and a distinctive G1a Kazakh cluster—all three based on short tandem repeat (STR) marker values.[16] Men in the Jewish G1c cluster have a value of 12 at STR marker DYS446 which is several values lower than almost all G persons, but the other two groups lack one specific marker value as an identifier. When approximately 30 or more STR markers are available when comparing samples, members in each of the three groups are easily ascertained. One of the distinctive European-ancestry G1c Ashkenazi Jewish STR marker value combinations is found also in an Iraqi Jew in one research study.[17] See also page covering Jews with Haplogroup G (Y-DNA).

Among available 67-marker G1 STR samples,[16] the Ashkenazi G1a1 Jewish cluster represents the closest relatives to the Kazakh G1a cluster based on similarity of STR marker values.

The Ashkenazi G1c cluster is only distantly related to the Ashkenazi G1a1 cluster, and the G1c Ashkenazi cluster has nearest relatives instead among diverse Europeans.