Harvard Mark II
The Harvard Mark II, also known as Aiken Relay Calculator,[1][2][3] was an electromechanical computer built under the direction of Howard Aiken and was finished in 1947. It was financed by the United States Navy. Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper worked together to program and build the Mark II.
| Also known as | Aiken Relay Calculator |
|---|---|
| Developer | Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper |
| Release date | 1947 |
| Mass | 25 short tons (23 t) |
| Predecessor | Harvard Mark I |
| Successor | Harvard Mark III |
Overview
The Mark II was constructed with high-speed electromagnetic relays instead of electro-mechanical counters used in the Mark I, making it much faster than its predecessor. It weighted 25 short tons (23 t).[4][3][5] Its addition time was 0.125 seconds (8 Hz) and the multiplication time was 0.750 seconds. This was a factor of 2.6 faster for addition and a factor 8 faster for multiplication compared to the Mark I. It was the second machine (after the Bell Labs Relay Calculator) to have floating-point hardware. A unique feature of the Mark II is that it had built-in hardware for several functions such as the reciprocal, square root, logarithm, exponential, and some trigonometric functions. These took between five and twelve seconds to execute.
The Mark I and Mark II were not a stored-program computer – it read an instruction of the program one at a time from a tape and executed it (like the Mark I). This separation of data and instructions is known as the Harvard architecture. The Mark II had a peculiar programming method that was devised to ensure that the contents of a register were available when needed. The tape containing the program could encode only eight instructions, so what a particular instruction code meant depended on when it was executed. Each second was divided up into several periods, and a coded instruction could mean different things in different periods. An addition could be started in any of eight periods in the second, a multiplication could be started in any of four periods of the second, and a transfer of data could be started in any of twelve periods of the second. Although this system worked, it made the programming complicated, and it reduced the efficiency of the machine somewhat.[6]
The Mark II ran some realistic test programs in 1947.[7] It was delivered to the US Navy Proving Ground at Dahlgren, Virginia in 1948[8] and became operational by the end of that year.[9]
References
- Rife 2006, p. 93.
- Instruments & Control Systems. Chilton Company. 1957. p. 1302.
- Harvard Alumni Bulletin. 1948. p. 554.
- Infantry Journal. United States Infantry Association. 1948. p. 57.
- Science News. Science Service. 1948. p. 295.
- Williams, 1985, pages 248-251
- Rife 2006, Search for "aiken relay calculator" 1947, pp. A-11, 278.
- Darroch, Robert S. Harding & Don. "Technology, Invention, and Innovation Collections". amhistory.si.edu. SERIES 2: PHOTOGRAPHS OF MARK II, 1948: (43) 18 February 1948 Packing Mark II for move to Dahlgren, (44) 20 February 1948 Crates on truck at Harvard, ready to go to Dahlgren. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
- Rife 2006, Search for "mark ii" Dahlgren 1948, pp. 95-96, 278.
Further reading
- Michael R. Williams (1997). A History of Computing Technology. IEEE Computer Society Press. ISBN 0-8186-7739-2.
- Staff of the Computation Laboratory (1949). Description of a Relay Calculator. Annals of the Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, Vol. XXIV. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
- Rife, James P. (2006). The sound of freedom: Naval Weapons Technology at Dahlgren, Virginia 1918-2006. Government Printing Office. p. 93. ISBN 9780160872488.
aiken relay calculator mark ii.