Helsinki Watch

Helsinki Watch was a private American non-governmental organization established by Robert L. Bernstein (died on May 27, 2019 at 96 years of age due to respiratory failure[1][2][3]) in 1978, designed to monitor the former Soviet Union’s compliance with the 1975 Helsinki Accords.[4] Expanding in size and scope, Helsinki Watch began using media coverage to document human rights violations committed by abusive governments.[5] Since its inception, it has produced several other watch committees dedicated to monitoring human rights in other parts of the world. In 1988, Helsinki Watch and its companion watch committees combined to form Human Rights Watch [6][7]

Helsinki Watch
SuccessorHuman Rights Watch
Formation1978 (1978)
Founded atWashington, D.C., U.S.

History

Beginnings

Following the multinational agreement establishing the Helsinki Accords in 1975, the Helsinki Watch was established to ensure Eastern Bloc countries undergoing severe civil conflict comply with the provisions originally established in the Helsinki Accords.[8] This was the result of an emergence of pressing requests on behalf of organizations located in Moscow, Prague, and Warsaw who were tasked with monitoring the Soviet Union and regions of Eastern Europe to ensure their compliance in facilitating various human rights pledges made throughout the Accords,[9] many of which were arrested by Soviet authorities in early 1977.[8] One of the primary objectives of Helsinki Watch was to serve as an instrument of advocacy for freeing the imprisoned monitors arrested by Soviet officials,[8] but its most noteworthy accomplishments was predicated on promoting civil and political freedoms in the Soviet Union and regions of Eastern Europe.[8] Helsinki Watch developed a means of identifying the corrupt actions of governments by publicly acknowledging unethical behaviour carried out by different governmental bodies through media coverage and directly through policymakers on an international scale.[7]

Transition to Human Rights Watch

As tensions built between the United States and the Soviet Union, The Americas Watch was created in 1981 to avoid criticism of hypocrisy.[10] The Americas watch set out to observe and acknowledge abuses carried out by governmental bodies situated in Central America,[7] and most notably criticized governments such as the United States for their involvement in providing arms and support to dangerous regimes situated in the Americas.[7] The establishment of other similar organizations rapidly increased through their classification as “The Watch Committees” with the creation of the Asia Watch (1985), Africa Watch (1986), and Middle East Watch (1989). In 1988, these committees formally adopted the overarching title of The Human Rights Watch.[7]

Funding

The establishment of the Helsinki Watch was made possible by a $400,000 grant donated by the Ford Foundation.[11]

Timeline[12]
  • 1978 - Creation of Helsinki Watch
  • 1981 - Creation of Americas Watch
  • 1985 - Creation of Asia Watch
  • 1988 - Creation of Africa Watch
  • 1988 - Creation of Human Rights Watch
  • 1989 - Creation of Middle East Watch

Effectiveness

Upon its establishment, the Helsinki Watch immediately became a major organization with significant leverage internationally.[13] Initially, the Helsinki Watch would directly appeal to communist leaders by creating petitions and publicly "naming and shaming" abusive governments. When this method proved to be ineffective, they quickly graduated to using political influence from important Western and European politicians to further their mission of influencing government policy both directly and indirectly.[14] As the Helsinki Watch grew it continued to build its reputation of providing accurate and reliable information on human rights violations in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The Helsinki Watch is said to have played an important role in shaping human rights in the 1980s.[13]

Criticism

Helsinki Watch attracted some allegations of bias during its early days. It was criticized for narrowing its scope to human rights violations committed by the Soviet bloc while ignoring human rights violations that were occurring in other parts of the world.[15] Many suggested that its strategy of enlisting the help of Europeans to denounce the Soviet Union reflected this. It was specifically criticized for being hypocritical in its reporting, as in its early days it neglected to recognize abuses taking place within America. In response to such criticism, the founders of Helsinki Watch created a new division called Americas Watch.[16] From there the organization expanded rapidly, establishing Watches to cover other parts of the world. In 1988, all of the Helsinki Watch's separate divisions were amalgamated into one unit called the Human Rights Watch.[17]

Major publications[18]

Published in 1991, major publications of The Helsinki Watch include:

  • Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Persecution of Gypsies in Romania: The Helsinki Watch conducted an interview with regard to eleven attacks on the Gypsy people. The Helsinki Watch revoked the bias by not providing solutions to the incidents provided.
  • Glasnost in Jeopardy: Human Rights in the USSR: an overview of the legal, social and governmental institutions and ways they have created difficulties for the development of human rights in the Soviet Union. The book describes the former president of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev's attempt to reestablish law and order within the Union.
  • Human Rights in Northern Ireland: This book reports the issues surrounding the Troubles within Northern Ireland and helps readers better understand the legal aspects of fighting among parties.
  • Since the Revolution: Human Rights in Romania: This publication shows the attempt of new political culture after the revolution in 1989. The report avoids bias by excluding recommendations on how to solve the continuing issues in Romania.

References
  1. Smith, Harrison. "Robert Bernstein, Random House publisher and human rights advocate, dies at 96". Washington Post. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  2. McFadden, Robert D. (2019-05-27). "Robert L. Bernstein, Publisher and Champion of Dissent, Dies at 96". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  3. "Human Rights Watch Mourns Founder Robert Bernstein". Human Rights Watch. 2019-05-28. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  4. Bernstein, Robert L. (19 October 2009). "Opinion - Rights Watchdog, Lost in the Mideast". New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  5. "Our History". Human Rights Watch. 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
  6. "Human Rights Watch Archives | Columbia University Libraries". library.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2019-05-29.
  7. "Our History". hrw.org. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  8. Whiteclay, C. I. (2004). The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:9780195071986
  9. Langley, W. (1999). Encyclopedia of human rights issues since 1945. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.
  10. Iriye, A., Goedde, P., & Hitchcock, W. I. (2012). The human rights revolution: An international history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  11. "Home". Ford Foundation. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  12. Marchetti, R. (2017). Partnerships in international policy-making: Civil society and public institutions in European and global affairs. London: Palgrave Macmillan
  13. Thomas, D. C. (2011). The Helsinki effect: International norms, human rights, and the demise of communism. Princeton (N.J.: Princeton University Press.
  14. Fahlenbrach, K. (2012). The establishment responds: Power, politics, and protest since 1945. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  15. "THE HELSINKI PROCESS AND THE FALL OF COMMUNIST REGIMES IN EUROPE". Tavaana. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  16. "From Helsinki to Human Rights Watch: How an American Cold War Monitoring Group Became an International Human Rights Institution". Humanity Journal. 2014-12-16. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
  17. Bob, C. (2011). The International Struggle for New Human Rights. (Rights, Action, and Social Responsibility.
  18. Falgiano, L., & LeMaire, K. (1991). Review: Helsinki Watch publications. Johns Hopkins University Press, 14(4), 640-645.
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