Hepburn v. Griswold

Hepburn v. Griswold, 75 U.S. (8 Wall.) 603 (1870), was a US Supreme Court case in which the Chief Justice of the United States, Salmon P. Chase, speaking for the Court, declared certain parts of the Legal Tender Acts to be unconstitutional. Specifically, making United States Notes legal tender was unconstitutional.

Hepburn v. Griswold
Supreme Court of the United States
Full case name	Hepburn v. Griswold
Citations	75 U.S. 603 (more) 8 Wall. 603; 19 L. Ed. 513; 1868 U.S. LEXIS 1136
Holding
Certain parts of the Legal Tender Acts are unconstitutional.
Case opinions
Majority	Chase, joined by Nelson, Grier, Clifford, Field
Dissent	Miller, joined by Swayne, Davis
Overruled by
Legal Tender Cases, 79 U.S. (Wall. 12) 457 (1871)

The lawsuit originated when one Mrs. Hepburn attempted to pay a debt to Henry Griswold on a promissory note, which was made five days prior to the issuance of United States Notes that the case questioned. Griswold sued Hepburn in the Louisville Chancery Court on the note and refused Hepburn's tender of United States notes to satisfy his claim. She then tendered the notes into the Chancery Court, which declared her debt satisfied.

The Court of Errors of Kentucky reversed the chancery court's judgment, and Hepburn appealed to the Supreme Court, which affirmed the judgment of the Court of Errors.

The Supreme Court found that while the federal government was authorized to coin money, that power was distinct from the power to make paper legal tender, which was not authorized under the US Constitution. It also found that the treatment of notes as legal tender represented an impairment to enforcing the obligations of contracts. The Constitution prohibits the several states from impairing the obligations of contracts. While the court found no similar constraint upon the federal government, it held that such an impairment would violate the spirit of the Constitution.

The dissent argued that the government was threatened by the war, and making the notes legal tender provided the government with the necessary supplies to continue to fight the war. The majority affirmed that the government holds the power to wage war, but making notes legal tender was not a necessary consequence of that power. It continued that making United States Notes legal tender was unnecessary to fighting a war. All that the federal government needed to do was to make them "receivable for government dues." That argument is similar to the theory of chartalism.

The majority opinion was explicitly overruled by Knox v. Lee and other Legal Tender Cases, 79 U.S. (Wall. 12) 457 (1871), in which Chase dissented.