Hertford, Luton and Dunstable Railway

The Hertford, Luton and Dunstable Railway on full opening

The London and Birmingham Railway opened its line in 1838, passing Leighton, later named Leighton Buzzard. Luton and Dunstable were important manufacturing towns, and in 1841 a scheme was put forward for a branch line from Leighton to Dunstable and Luton. George Stephenson planned a scheme for the line, but there was opposition from Luton interests to some of the public land that was to be taken, and the scheme failed.

A shorter line simply reaching Dunstable from Leighton seemed to be less difficult, and as the scheme had the support of the London and Birmingham Railway, proposals were submitted to Parliament. The result that the Dunstable Railway Act[note 1] was given the Royal Assent on 30 June 1845, with capital of £50,000.[1][2][3][4][5]

In 1846 the London and Birmingham Railway amalgamated with others and formed the London and North Western Railway.

The Dunstable line was opened for traffic on 1 June 1848. There was one intermediate station, at Stanbridgeford, although it was not ready for opening until the year after the line started operation. It was worked from the outset by the London and North Western Railway, and the new line was effectively the Dunstable branch of the LNWR and was purchased by that company on the opening of the line for the sum of £2,952[1][2][4][3]

Ayot station

Luton was said at the time to be the largest town in England not connected to a railway or a canal.[6][note 2] Local interests complained that they did not have a good transport system for their products, A meeting in Luton in 1845 resolved that the solution for their town was not a branch line giving a roundabout connection, but a London to Manchester main line railway via Luton. This was an ambitious scheme that would be in competition with the LNWR and to some extent the Great Northern Railway for long distance traffic and for mineral business, and would certainly not be assisted by them. The resolution does not seem to have led to anything.[5][7]

Luton Hoo station in the 1980s

If the London and Birmingham Railway and its successor the LNWR were the great trunk railway to the north on the west side of the country, another was in the process of building on the east side: the Great Northern Railway was to connect London and York, at first by a rather roundabout route. It opened part of its main line, between a London station and Peterborough on 7 August 1850. During the construction process the GNR directors saw that it was important to secure areas of territory for their own railway by building branches within the area. If a company had a useful branch line in an area, Parliament would be reluctant to authorise a rival line in the same area.

Accordingly the Great Northern Railway promoted a line that became known as the Hertford, Hatfield and St Albans Railway; it was not independent, but was promoted directly by the GNR. It was authorised by the Great Northern Railway Act of 22 July 1847. It was to build a line from Hatfield (on the GNR main line) to St Albans and also from Hatfield to Hertford. Authorised capital was £300,000. The year 1847 marked the end of the Railway Mania, and suddenly money for railway schemes was to become unobtainable, and nothing more was heard of this authorised railway. The St Albans line was built later under a fresh authorisation.[note 3][8][9][10]

Hertford already had a railway, completed in 1843. It was the terminus of a branch line of the Northern and Eastern Railway, which was being worked by the Eastern Counties Railway. The Hertford station was somewhat to the east of the present-day Hertford East station.[11]

As the money market stabilised, it became possible to propose new lines. The Hertford and Welwyn Junction Railway got its Act on 3 July 1854; it was to build from the Eastern Counties Railway terminus at Hertford (converting it to a through station).[note 4] via a Cowbridge station near the centre of Hertford to a new Welwyn Junction station, at the south end of Digswell Viaduct on the GNR. There was to be a triangular junction there, and the new company would have running powers into Welwyn station (now Welwyn North, and located at the north end of the viaduct). Authorised capital was £65,000.[5][7][12][11][13][14]

The valley of the River Mimram runs west to east at Digswell, and the Digswell Viaduct carries the East Coast Main Line of the Great Northern Railway over it. Welwyn was a small community at that time, and there was a Welwyn station at the north end of the viaduct; this station is now named Welwyn North. Welwyn Garden City was not inaugurated as a community until 1920.[15] The triangular junction was to be located at the south end of the viaduct; the intention of the promoters of the Hertford and Welwyn Junction Railway was to provide for direct southward running to London from Hertford at the junction, but also direct northward running to the Welwyn [North] station, which would become the junction station for passengers to the branch. There were to be running powers for goods trains as far as Ware.[11]

In fact when the line was constructed, these intentions were altered. A new Welwyn Junction station was opened, a little north of the present-day Welwyn Garden City station, immediately on the north side of Hunter's Bridge, which nowadays carries Bridge Road over the railway. This was considered a preferable interchange for the branch, and the proposed north curve of the triangle was never built.[16][17]

The line was opened to goods traffic on 28 February 1858 (a Sunday) and to passengers on Monday 1 March 1858.[16][17][12]

It was operated jointly by the GNR and the Eastern Counties Railway, and there were some through bookings between their respective stations. The line also provided a useful route to the London docks for goods traffic to and from the GNR; there were sidings at Welwyn Junction where the traffic was exchanged.[14]

Luton GNR station with a special train in 1964

In the following Parliamentary session, a branch line to serve Luton was authorised: the Luton, Dunstable and Welwyn Junction Railway was authorised on 16 July 1855. The authorised capital of the LD&WJR was £108,000.[note 5][18] It would be a single line railway, with earthworks and bridges constructed for later conversion to double track; it would run from a junction with the LNWR at Dunstable to the GNR at Welwyn, where there would also be a triangular junction. There would be a connecting line at Digswell with the Hertford line.[note 6] W F Cowper MP was Chairman of this company and of the Hertford and Welwyn Junction company, and the clear intention was that the two companies would work collaboratively[19][14]

The Luton, Dunstable and Welwyn Junction Railway Act authorised it to raise the capital, it was a more difficult matter to actually get subscriptions. This delayed land acquisition seriously, and the directors approached the LNWR, hoping to lease the line to the larger company; the LNWR were not interested. The next proposal was to merge the two local companies. The two lines could be joined at Welwyn by crossing the Great Northern Railway by a bridge linking them,saving money, instead of connecting into the GNR line. This was opposed by the GNR, who saw that they might lose control of the local lines, and even that the LNWR would get access from Leighton over the line into GNR and ECR territory. The GNR made it clear they would demand onerous conditions for the construction of the bridge, and some shareholders opposed the merger for that reason; however the opposition was voted down and the motion to merge the companies was carried, on 26 January 1858. In fact the bridge was never built.[5]

Dunstable Church Street station

The Amalgamation Bill obtained the Royal Assent on 28 June 1858, with combined capital of £185,000; it was to be called the Hertford, Luton and Dunstable Railway company. Six months notice was given to the ECR to terminate the working agreement on the Hertford line. The Hertford line was already in operation, having opened to goods traffic on 28 February 1858 (a Sunday) and a passenger service on Monday 1 March 1858.[16][17][12][14]

The Luton to Dunstable section was making better progress than before, and on 18 March 1858, Col Yolland of the Board of Trade visited for the inspection prior to passenger operation. He refused the approval, as there was no turntable at Leighton; there was a policy of forbidding tender engines from running tender first in main traffic. Yolland visited again a month later and this time, the Company undertook not to use tender engines and Yolland passed the line as fit for passenger operation.[5]

Goods train operation did not need the approval, and it had been planned to open the line to goods trains on 8 March 1858; however last-minute difficulties over a dispute with the L&NWR over the use of Dunstable station, and the discovery of a bridge that was inadequate in strength, led to the goods opening being delayed until 5 April 1858. The passenger service started on 3 May 1858. There were five trains each way daily except Sundays, and they were worked by the LNWR as the line was only connected to their line. (The LNWR retained running powers Dunstable to Luton after the line was connected at the Welwyn end.)[20][18][2][14]

The LNWR Dunstable station had been built as a terminus, on the west side of Watling Street, and when the line from Luton opened, trains used it by reversing between the station and the junction west of that point. A separate station at Dunstable, named Church Street, was opened in June 1858.[5]

At the Welwyn end of the line, progress was not so good. In fact the Company ran out of time, and the time limit imposed on the earlier Act had to be extended, by Act of 21 July 1859. A demonstration run for the Directors ran on 12 June 1860, and a shareholders' special train ran on 17 July 1860. The section between Luton and Welwyn Junction opened for passenger and goods traffic on 1 September 1860, and was worked by the Great Northern Railway.[2][18][14] The Welwyn Junction station was closed on the same day, and trains continued to Hatfield station instead. A Sunday passenger train service was operated, but from 1 June 1866 it did not run throughout to Dunstable LNWR, but terminated at Dunstable Church Street. As there was no run-round facility there, the arriving engine was run round its train by gravitating the coaches while the engine was in a siding.[5][21] The LNWR ceased running a service between Dunstable and Luton between 1866 and 1881.[14]

The Great Northern Railway ran a commercially competitive service to London from Luton via Hatfield, notwithstanding the longer route and branch line alignment for part of the way.[2]

Welwyn Junction station was opened in 1858 to serve as an interchange enabling passengers using the Hertford and Welwyn Junction Railway trains to join main line trains. It had two platforms and was situated to the north of the present Welwyn Garden City station. It was closed on 1 September 1860 when the Welwyn Junction to Luton section of the Dunstable branch opened. Hatfield was then made the interchange station for both branch lines. Trains from Hertford and Dunstable joined the double-track main line at Welwyn Junction and ran on the main line to Hatfield.

In 1868 the branches ran through on independent tracks from Welwyn Junction to Hatfield, so that there was a single line for the Luton line on the west side of the main line, and a single line for the Hertford line on the east side.[22]

Hertford Cowbridge railway station

The Hertford, Luton and Dunstable Railway was acquired by the Great Northern Railway by Act of 12 June 1861. The LNWR running powers from Dunstable to Luton were sustained in the Act.[16][18]

Wrottesley says at this point, "The GN later abandoned the short curves proposed at Welwyn." This refers to the northward spurs for both the Hertford and Luton lines, which had never been built; the "abandonment" is of the intention to make them.[14]

The situation at Dunstable was obviously unsatisfactory with GNR trains reversing into the LNWR station, and a new Dunstable North station was opened in January 1866. The GNR's Church Street station was inconvenient and inadequate, and it was rebuilt after a fire in 1871.[5][4]

In 1868 the Midland Railway opened its main line from St Pancras to Bedford, with a main station at Luton, adjacent to the GNR station there.[23]

In 1895 the passenger service was recorded in Bradshaw. There were seven trains each weekday on the LNWR Dunstable branch; there were ten throughout between Dunstable and Hatfield, as well as seven (8 on Saturdays) between Luton and Dunstable. Three journeys were made each way on the Hertford branch.[24]

In the first years of the twentieth century, a number of railway companies tried out railmotors, single-coach passenger units with a small integrated steam engine. These were useful on sparsely-trafficked lines, and generally had retractable steps to enable the use of cheap track-level "platforms" with minimal facilities. The GNR tried this system on the Hatfield to Hertford line in 1904. Attimore Hall Halt and Hatfield Hall Halt were opened on this basis in 1904, but the experiment was unsuccessful, and the halts and the system were discontinued in 1905.[11]

Hertingfordbury railway station in 1953

Writing in 1908, Goodman described the track layout from Hatfield to Welwyn Junction; the heavy and slow mineral traffic on the main line had caused the GNR to widen the line; there were six tracks: from east to west they were:

• Hertford branch line;
• Up Goods Line
• Up Main Line;
• Down Main Line;
• Down Goods Line;
• Luton Branch Line.[25]

Bradshaw for 1910 shows the passenger service had increased considerably; there were seven trains each weekday on the Leighton to Dunstable section; the station at Stanbridgeford was open, but marked "sig" (for calls by request) for most trains; there were ten trains throughout between Dunstable and Hatfield with seven (8 on Saturdays) in addition between Luton and Dunstable. On Sundays there were two trains throughout and two more between Luton and Dunstable (Church Street). Hatfield to Hertford had secured 13 trains daily, 14 on Saturdays and two on Sundays.[26]

Wheathampstead railway station

In 1917 halt platforms were erected on both the Dunstable and Hertford branches, immediately north of Hunter's Bridge. These were for the sole use of railway employees, as there was no public Welwyn station there. On 16 August 1920 the platform on the Dunstable branch, developed by the provision of timber-built station buildings, was opened to passengers with access from Hunter's Bridge, and thus became the predecessor to the present station at Welwyn Garden City. In November 1920 a footnote reference to a train in the timetable says "Calls at a Halt at Welwyn Garden City between Hatfield and Ayot'. There were then five down trains and three in the up direction each weekday.

By August 1926, immediately prior to the opening of the present station, the 'Halt' was served by seventeen down and sixteen up trains per weekday, which indicates the growth of Welwyn Garden City. At this time a train referred to in the timetable as the 'Garden City Express' left Kings Cross at 10.55 am and after calling at Finsbury Park ran non-stop to the 'Halt' arriving at 11.30 am. The Express returned at 5.33 pm and after the Finsbury Park stop arrived at Kings Cross at 6.5 pm. Nameboards erected on the station were lettered Welwyn Garden City with no reference to its status as a Halt.

Photographs of the wooden platform on the Hertford branch suggest it never carried a name board and, unlike Attimore Halt on the same branch, it was never shown in the public timetables as a stop for passenger services. It therefore seems safe to assume that it was indeed solely for the use of railway employees. It was presumably dismantled at the same time as the Luton line platform. The opening of the present station to passengers on 20 September 1926 was followed by the formal opening by the Rt Hon Neville Chamberlain on 5 October 1926. The new station included separate platform faces for Hertford and Dunstable branch trains.[27]

After World War I the Government decided to compel the main line railways of Great Britain to join one or other of four new large companies, in a process known as the "grouping" of 1923, following the Railways Act 1921. The Great Northern Railway was a constituent of the new London and North Eastern Railway.

This process was repeated in 1948 when the railways were nationalised, following the Transport Act 1947.

The Hatfield to Hertford line remained undeveloped throughout its lifetime. The opening of the direct line from Hertford to Enfield, creating the Hertford Loop Line, in 1924 abstracted all the London business from the line. The Hertford Cowbridge station was closed and trains used the new Hertford North station on the Hertford Loop.[28]

The LNER (as successor to the GNR) persevered in providing a good train service of eight or nine trains daily on the Hatfield to Hertford line right up until 1939, in the hope that residential development seen elsewhere would be repeated here. Passenger trains were however withdrawn on 18 June 1951; ordinary goods traffic continued until 1962 and a household refuse train worked to Holwell Pit until total closure of the Hertford line on 23 May 1966.[28]

The ex-LNWR Leighton to Dunstable branch closed on 2 July 1962.[29][2]

The passenger service on the Hatfield to Dunstable section closed on 26 April 1965.[23][2]

A connection was made at Luton between the Dunstable line and the Midland main line; it was commissioned on 1 January 1966, and the line between Luton and Blackbridge sidings, near Welwyn, was closed completely. On the same date the section between Dunstable North and Grovebury Sidings was closed, leaving only the stub at Welwyn to Blackbridge Dump, Luton to Dunstable Cement Sidings and Grovebury Sidings to Leighton Buzzard operational.[23][2]

For some years, there was talk of reopening the part of the line between Luton and Dunstable, but funding never became available. A more attractive opportunity proved to be a guided busway. It opened on 25 September 2013.[30]

• Hertford East Junction; divergence from Eastern Counties Hertford branch;
• Hertford; opened 1 March 1858; sometimes known as Cowbridge to distinguish from the ECR station; renamed Hertford North 1923; closed 2 June 1924;
• Hertford North; station on Hertford Loop; opened 2 June 1924; still open;
• Hertingfordbury; opened December 1858; closed 18 June 1951;
• Hatfield Hyde Halt; opened May 1905; closed June 1905;
• Cole Green; opened December 1858; closed 18 June 1951;
• Attimore Hall Halt; opened May 1905; closed after June 1905;
• Welwyn Junction; opened 1 March 1858; closed 1 September 1860.[31][4]

• Hatfield; main line station; opened 7 August 1850; still open;
• Welwyn Garden City; main linne station; opened 16 August 1920; (14 August 1920 Quick) closed 20 September 1926; (15 chains)
• Welwyn Garden City; new main line station; opened 20 September 1926;
• Ayott St Peters; opened 2 July 1877; renamed Ayot April 1878;closed 26 September 1949; goods service continued until 1 May 1963;
• Wheathampstead; opened 1 September 1860; closed 26 April 1965; goods service continued until 26 July 1965;
• Harpenden; opened 1 September 1860; renamed Harpenden East 25 September 1950; closed 26 April 1965; goods service continued until 25 November 1963;
• New Mill End; opened 1 September 1860; renamed Luton Hoo 1 December 1891 ; closed 26 April 1965; goods service continued until 25 November 1963;
• Luton; opened 3 May 1858; renamed Luton Bute Street 25 September 1950; closed 26 April 1965; goods service continued until 26 June 1967;
• Dunstable Church Street; opened 3 May 1858; renamed Dunstable Town 1 January 1927; closed 26 April 1965; goods service continued until 7 December 1964;
• Chaul End Halt; in use by munitions workers 1914 – 1919;[4]
• Dunstable; LNWR station; opened 1 June 1848; relocated to form through station January 1866; renamed Dunstable North 25 September 1950; closed 26 April 1965; goods service continued until 9 October 1967;
• Stanbridgeford; opened late 1849; opened 1860; closed 2 July 1962;
• Leighton; main line station; opened 9 April 1838; renamed Leighton Buzzard 1911; still open.[32][4][31]

An extensive explanation of the railways dealing with the straw hat trade at Luton: F Goodman, Traffic Dept, G.N.R., How the Railways Deal with Special Classes of Traffic: 1. Luton Straw Hats, in the Railway Magazine, November 1898.