High-definition map

A high-definition map (HD map) is a highly accurate 3D map used in autonomous driving,[1] containing details not normally present on traditional maps.[2][3] Such maps can be precise at a centimetre level.[2][4]

HD maps are captured using an array of sensors, such as LiDARs, radars, digital cameras and GPS.[2][5][6] HD maps can also be constructed using aerial imagery.[7][8]

In the context of a self-driving vehicle, high-definition maps usually include map elements such as road shape, road marking, traffic signs and barriers.[3][9]

References
  1. Liu, Rong; Wang, Jinling; Zhang, Bingqi (27 August 2019). "High Definition Map for Automated Driving: Overview and Analysis". Journal of Navigation. 73 (2): 324–341. doi:10.1017/S0373463319000638. ISSN 0373-4633.
  2. Vardhan, Harsha (2017-09-22). "HD Maps: New age maps powering autonomous vehicles". Geospatial World. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  3. Matthews, Kayla (September 16, 2019). "What are HD maps, and how will they get us closer to autonomous cars?". EETimes.
  4. Jiao, J. (22 June 2018). "Machine Learning Assisted High-Definition Map Creation". 2018 IEEE 42nd Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC). 01: 367–373. doi:10.1109/COMPSAC.2018.00058.
  5. "HD maps—the hidden sensors that help autonomous vehicles see round corners". Automotive World. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  6. Mueck, Markus; Karls, Ingolf. Networking vehicles to everything : evolving automotive solutions. Boston. ISBN 978-1-5015-0724-3. OCLC 1021887635.
  7. Javanmardi, Mahdi; Javanmardi, Ehsan; Gu, Yanlei; Kamijo, Shunsuke (2017-09-21). "Towards High-Definition 3D Urban Mapping: Road Feature-Based Registration of Mobile Mapping Systems and Aerial Imagery". Remote Sensing. 9 (10): 975. doi:10.3390/rs9100975. ISSN 2072-4292.
  8. Zang, Andi; Xu, Runsheng; Li, Zichen; Doria, David (2017-11-07). "Lane boundary extraction from satellite imagery". Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGSPATIAL Workshop on High-Precision Maps and Intelligent Applications for Autonomous Vehicles. Redondo Beach California: ACM: 1–8. arXiv:2002.02362. doi:10.1145/3149092.3149093. ISBN 978-1-4503-5497-4.
  9. Zang, Andi; Chen, Xin; Trajcevski, Goce (2018-06-05). "High definition maps in urban context". SIGSPATIAL Special. 10 (1): 15–20. doi:10.1145/3231541.3231546. ISSN 1946-7729.


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