Husimi Q representation

The Husimi Q distribution (called Q-function in the context of quantum optics) is one of the simplest distributions of quasiprobability in phase space. It is constructed in such a way that observables written in anti-normal order follow the optical equivalence theorem. This means that it is essentially the density matrix put into normal order. This makes it relatively easy to calculate compared to other quasiprobability distributions through the formula

${\displaystyle Q(\alpha )={\frac {1}{\pi }}\langle \alpha |{\hat {\rho }}|\alpha \rangle ,}$

which is effectively a trace of the density matrix over the basis of coherent states ${\displaystyle \{|\alpha \rangle \}}$. It produces a pictorial representation of the state ρ to illustrate several of its mathematical properties.[6] Its relative ease of calculation is related to its smoothness compared to other quasiprobability distributions. In fact, it can be understood as the Weierstrass transform of the Wigner quasiprobability distribution, i.e. a smoothing by a Gaussian filter,

${\displaystyle Q(\alpha )={\frac {2}{\pi }}\int W(\beta )e^{-2|\alpha -\beta |^{2}}\,d^{2}\beta .}$

Such Gauss transforms being essentially invertible in the Fourier domain via the convolution theorem, Q provides an equivalent description of quantum mechanics in phase space to that furnished by the Wigner distribution.

Alternatively, one can compute the Husimi Q distribution by taking the Segal–Bargmann transform of the wave function and then computing the associated probability density.

Q is normalized to unity,

${\displaystyle \int Q(\alpha )\,d\alpha ^{2}=1}$

and is non-negative definite[7] and bounded:

${\displaystyle 0\leq Q(\alpha )\leq {\frac {1}{\pi }}.}$

Despite the fact that Q is non-negative definite and bounded like a standard joint probability distribution, this similarity may be misleading, because different coherent states are not orthogonal. Two different points α do not represent disjoint physical contingencies; thus, Q(α) does not represent the probability of mutually exclusive states, as needed in the third axiom of probability theory.

Q may also be obtained by a different Weierstrass transform of the Glauber–Sudarshan P representation,

${\displaystyle Q(\alpha ,\alpha ^{*})={\frac {1}{\pi }}\int P(\beta ,\beta ^{*})e^{-|\alpha -\beta |^{2}}\,d^{2}\beta ,}$

given ${\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\int P(\beta ,\beta ^{*})|{\beta }\rangle \langle {\beta }|\,d^{2}\beta }$, and the standard inner product of coherent states.

• Quasiprobability distribution#Characteristic functions
• Nonclassical light
• Glauber–Sudarshan P-representation
• Wehrl entropy