Hybrid plasmonic waveguide

A hybrid plasmonic waveguide is an optical waveguide that achieves strong light confinement by coupling the light guided by a dielectric waveguide and a plasmonic waveguide. It is formed by separating a medium of high refractive index (usually silicon) from a metal surface (usually gold or silver) by a small gap.

Cross section of hybrid plasmonic waveguide. Power propagates in the z direction.

History

Dielectric waveguides use total internal reflection to confine light in a high index region. They can guide light over a long distance with very low loss, but their light confinement ability is limited by diffraction. Plasmonic waveguides, on the other hand, use surface plasmon to confine light near a metal surface. The light confinement ability of plasmonic waveguides is not limited by diffraction,[1] and, as a result, they can confine light to very small volumes. However, these guides suffer significant propagation loss because of the presence of metal as part of the guiding structure.[2] The aim of designing the hybrid plasmonic waveguide was to combine these two different wave guiding schemes and achieve high light confinement without suffering large loss. [3][4] Many different variations of this structure have been proposed. Many other types of hybrid plasmonic waveguides have been proposed since then to improve light confinement ability or to reduce fabrication complexity.[5][6]

Guided power density in a hybrid plasmonic waveguide. Light propagates in the z-direction

Principle of operation

The operation of the hybrid plasmonic waveguides can be explained using the concept of mode coupling. The most commonly used hybrid plasmonic waveguide consists of a silicon nanowire placed very near a metal surface and separated by a low index region. The silicon waveguide supports dielectric waveguide mode, which is mostly confined in silicon. The metal surface supports surface plasmon, which is confined near the metal surface. When these two structures are brought close to each other, the dielectric waveguide mode supported by the silicon nanowire couples to the surface plasmon mode supported by the metal surface. As a result of this mode coupling, light becomes highly confined in the region between the metal and the high index region (silicon nanowire).

Applications

Hybrid plasmonic waveguide provides large confinement of light at a lower loss compared to many previously reported plasmonic waveguides.[7] It is also compatible with silicon photonics technology, and can be integrated with silicon waveguides on the same chip. Similar to a slot-waveguide, it can also confine light in the low index medium. Combination of these attractive features has stimulated worldwide research activity on the application of this new guiding scheme. Some notable examples of such applications are compact lasers,[8] electro optic modulators,[9] biosensors,[10] polarization control devices,[11] and thermo-optic switches.[12][13]

References
  1. D. K. Gramotnev and S. I. Bozhevolnyi (2010). "Plasmonics beyond the diffraction limit". Nature Photonics. 4 (2): 83–91. Bibcode:2010NaPho...4...83G. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2009.282.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. W. L Barnes (2006). "Surface plasmon–polariton length scales: A route to sub-wavelength optics". Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics. 8 (4): S87. Bibcode:2006JOptA...8S..87B. doi:10.1088/1464-4258/8/4/S06.
  3. M. Z. Alam, J. Meier, J.S. Aitchison, and M. Mojahedi (2007). Super mode propagation in low index medium. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO).CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. R. F. Oulton, V. J. Sorger, D. A. Genov, D. F. P. Pile, and X. Zhang (2008). "A hybrid plasmonic waveguide for subwavelength confinement and long range propagation". Nature Photonics. 2 (8): 496–500. Bibcode:2008NaPho...2.....O. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2008.131. hdl:10044/1/19117.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  5. D. Dai and S. He (2009). "A silicon-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide with a metal cap for a nano-scale light confinement". Opt. Express. 17 (19): 16646–16653. Bibcode:2009OExpr..1716646D. doi:10.1364/OE.17.016646. PMID 19770880.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  6. Y. Bian, Z. Zheng, X. Zhao, L. Liu, Y. Su, J. Liu, J. Zhu and T. Zhou (2013). "Nanoscale light guiding in a silicon-based hybrid plasmonic waveguide that incorporates an inverse metal ridge". Phys. Status Solidi A. 210 (7): 1424–1428. Bibcode:2013PSSAR.210.1424B. doi:10.1002/pssa.201228682.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  7. M. Z. Alam, J. S. Aitchison, and M. Mojahedi (2014). "A marriage of convenience: Hybridization of plasmonic and dielectric waveguide modes". Laser and Photonics Reviews. 8 (3): 394–408. Bibcode:2014LPRv....8..394A. doi:10.1002/lpor.201300168.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  8. R. F. Oulton, V. J. Sorger, T. Zentgraf, R-M. Ma, C. Gladden, L. Dai, G. Bartal and X. Zhang (2009). "Plasmon lasers at deep subwavelength scale" (PDF). Nature. 461 (7264): 629–632. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..629O. doi:10.1038/nature08364. hdl:10044/1/19116. PMID 19718019.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  9. V. J. Sorger, N. D. L-Kimura, R-M. Ma, and X. Zhang (2012). "Ultra-compact silicon nanophotonic modulator with broadband response". Nanophotonics. 1 (1): 17–22. Bibcode:2012Nanop...1...17S. doi:10.1515/nanoph-2012-0009.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  10. L. Zhou, X. Sun, X. Li, J. Chen (2011). "Miniature microring resonator sensor based on a hybrid plasmonic waveguide". Sensors. 11 (7): 6856–6867. doi:10.3390/s110706856. PMC 3231671. PMID 22163989.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  11. J. N. Caspers, J. S. Aitchison, and M. Mojahedi (2013). "Experimental demonstration of an integrated hybrid plasmonic polarization rotator". Optics Letters. 38 (20): 4054–4057. Bibcode:2013OptL...38.4054C. doi:10.1364/OL.38.004054. PMID 24321921. S2CID 26909408.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  12. D. Perron, M. Wu, C. Horvath, D. Bachman, and V. Van (2011). "All-plasmonic switching based on thermal nonlinearity in a polymer plasmonic microring resonator". Optics Letters. 36 (14): 2731–2733. Bibcode:2011OptL...36.2731P. doi:10.1364/OL.36.002731. PMID 21765524.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  13. F. Lou, L. Thylen, L. Wosinski (2013). Cheben, Pavel; Čtyroký, Jiří; Molina-Fernandez, Iñigo (eds.). "Hybrid plasmonic microdisk resonators for optical interconnect applications". Proc. SPIE. Integrated Optics: Physics and Simulations. 8781: 87810X. doi:10.1117/12.2017108. S2CID 119802655.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
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