ISO/IEC 8859-1

ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1987. ISO 8859-1 encodes what it refers to as "Latin alphabet no. 1", consisting of 191 characters from the Latin script. This character-encoding scheme is used throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa. It is the basis for some popular 8-bit character sets and the first two blocks of characters in Unicode.

For the Unicode block also called "Latin 1", see Latin-1 Supplement (Unicode block). For the character encoding commonly mislabeled as "ISO-8859-1", see Windows-1252.
ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998
ISO 8859-1 code page layout
MIME / IANAISO-8859-1
Alias(es)iso-ir-100, csISOLatin1, latin1, l1, IBM819, CP819
Language(s)English, various others
StandardISO/IEC 8859
ClassificationExtended ASCII, ISO 8859
ExtendsUS-ASCII
Based onDEC MCS
Succeeded by
Other related encoding(s)BraSCII

ISO-8859-1 was (according to the standard, at least) the default encoding of documents delivered via HTTP with a MIME type beginning with "text/" (HTML5 changed this to Windows-1252).[1][2] As of January 2021, 1.6% of all (but only 0.9% of the top-1000[3]) web sites use ISO 8859-1.[4][5]

Depending on the country, use can be much higher than the global average, e.g. for Germany at 6.4% (and including Windows-1252 at 7.2%),[6][7] or even higher for minority languages.[8]

ISO-8859-1 is the default encoding of the values of certain descriptive HTTP headers, and defines the repertoire of characters allowed in HTML 3.2 documents (HTML 4.0 uses Unicode, i.e., UTF-8), and is specified by many other standards. This and similar sets are often assumed to be the encoding of 8-bit text on Unix and Microsoft Windows if there is no byte order mark (BOM); this is only gradually being changed to UTF-8.

ISO-8859-1 is the IANA preferred name for this standard when supplemented with the C0 and C1 control codes from ISO/IEC 6429. The following other aliases are registered: iso-ir-100, csISOLatin1, latin1, l1, IBM819. Code page 28591 a.k.a. Windows-28591 is used for it in Windows.[9] IBM calls it code page 819 or CP819 (CCSID 819).[10][11][12][13] Oracle calls it WE8ISO8859P1.[14]

Coverage
See also: Latin-script alphabet

Each character is encoded as a single eight-bit code value. These code values can be used in almost any data interchange system to communicate in the following languages (while it may exclude correct quotation marks such as for many languages including German and Icelandic):

Modern languages with complete coverage
Notes
  1. Basic classical orthography
  2. Rumi script
  3. Bokmål and Nynorsk
  4. European and Brazilian

Languages with incomplete coverage

ISO-8859-1 was commonly used for certain languages, even though it lacks characters used by these languages. In most cases, only a few letters are missing or they are rarely used, and they can be replaced with characters that are in ISO-8859-1 using some form of typographic approximation. The following table lists such languages.

LanguageMissing charactersTypical workaroundSupported by
CatalanĿ, ŀ (deprecated)L·, l·
DanishǾ, ǿ (the accent is optional and ǿ is very rare)Ø, ø or øe
DutchIJ, ij (but with debatable status); j́ in emphasized words like "blíj́f"digraphs IJ, ij; blíjf
EstonianŠ, š, Ž, ž (only present in loanwords)Sh, sh, Zh, zhISO-8859-15, Windows-1252
FinnishŠ, š, Ž, ž (only present in loanwords)Sh, sh, Zh, zhISO-8859-15, Windows-1252
FrenchŒ, œ, and the very rare Ÿdigraphs OE, oe; Y or ÝISO-8859-15, Windows-1252
Germanẞ (capital ß, used only in all capitals; included in the official orthography in 2017, still optional)digraph SS
HungarianŐ, ő, Ű, űÖ, ö, Ü, üISO/IEC 8859-2, Windows-1250
Irish (traditional orthography)Ḃ, ḃ, Ċ, ċ, Ḋ, ḋ, Ḟ, ḟ, Ġ, ġ, Ṁ, ṁ, Ṗ, ṗ, Ṡ, ṡ, Ṫ, ṫBh, bh, Ch, ch, Dh, dh, Fh, fh, Gh, gh, Mh, mh, Ph, ph, Sh, sh, Th, thISO-8859-14
Kurdish Ş, ş
WelshẀ, ẁ, Ẃ, ẃ, Ŵ, ŵ, Ẅ, ẅ, Ỳ, ỳ, Ŷ, ŷ, ŸW, w, Y, y, Ý, ýISO-8859-14

The letter ÿ, which appears in French only very rarely, mainly in city names such as L'Haÿ-les-Roses and never at the beginning of words, is included only in lowercase form. The slot corresponding to its uppercase form is occupied by the lowercase letter ß from the German language, which did not have an uppercase form at the time when the standard was created.

Quotation marks

For some languages listed above, the correct typographical quotation marks are missing, as only « », " ", and ' ' are included. Also, this scheme does not provide for oriented (6- or 9-shaped) single or double quotation marks. Some fonts will display the spacing grave accent (0x60) and the apostrophe (0x27) as a matching pair of oriented single quotation marks, but this is not considered part of the modern standard.

History

ISO 8859-1 was based on the Multinational Character Set used by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the popular VT220 terminal in 1983. It was developed within the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA), and published in March 1985 as ECMA-94,[15] by which name it is still sometimes known. The second edition of ECMA-94 (June 1986)[16] also included ISO 8859-2, ISO 8859-3, and ISO 8859-4 as part of the specification.

The original draft of ISO 8859-1 placed French Œ and œ at code points 215 (0xD7) and 247 (0xF7), as in the ECMA-94. However, the delegate from France, being neither a linguist nor a typographer, falsely stated that these are not independent French letters on their own, but mere ligatures (like fi or fl), supported by the delegate team from Bull Publishing Company, who regularly did not print French with Œ/œ in their house style at the time. An anglophone delegate from Canada insisted in retaining Œ/œ but was rebuffed by the French delegate and the team from Bull. These code points were soon filled with × and ÷ under the suggestion of the German delegation. Then things went even worse for the French language, when it was again falsely stated that the letter ÿ is "not French", resulting in the absence of the capital Ÿ. In fact, the letter ÿ is found in a number of French proper names, and the capital letter has been used in dictionaries and encyclopedias.[17] These characters were added to ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999. BraSCII matches the original draft.

In 1985, Commodore adopted ECMA-94 for its new AmigaOS operating system.[18] The Seikosha MP-1300AI impact dot-matrix printer, used with the Amiga 1000, included this encoding.

In 1990, the very first version of Unicode used the code points of ISO-8859-1 as the first 256 Unicode code points.

In 1992, the IANA registered the character map ISO_8859-1:1987, more commonly known by its preferred MIME name of ISO-8859-1 (note the extra hyphen over ISO 8859-1), a superset of ISO 8859-1, for use on the Internet. This map assigns the C0 and C1 control codes to the unassigned code values thus provides for 256 characters via every possible 8-bit value.

Code page layout
ISO/IEC 8859-1
_0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F
0_
0
1_
16
2_
32		 SP
0020		 !
0021		 "
0022		 #
0023		 $
0024		 %
0025		 &
0026		 '
0027		 (
0028		 )
0029		 *
002A		 +
002B		 ,
002C		 -
002D		 .
002E		 /
002F
3_
48		 0
0030		 1
0031		 2
0032		 3
0033		 4
0034		 5
0035		 6
0036		 7
0037		 8
0038		 9
0039		 :
003A		 ;
003B		 <
003C		 =
003D		 >
003E		 ?
003F
4_
64		 @
0040		 A
0041		 B
0042		 C
0043		 D
0044		 E
0045		 F
0046		 G
0047		 H
0048		 I
0049		 J
004A		 K
004B		 L
004C		 M
004D		 N
004E		 O
004F
5_
80		 P
0050		 Q
0051		 R
0052		 S
0053		 T
0054		 U
0055		 V
0056		 W
0057		 X
0058		 Y
0059		 Z
005A		 [
005B		 \
005C		 ]
005D		 ^
005E		 _
005F
6_
96		 `
0060		 a
0061		 b
0062		 c
0063		 d
0064		 e
0065		 f
0066		 g
0067		 h
0068		 i
0069		 j
006A		 k
006B		 l
006C		 m
006D		 n
006E		 o
006F
7_
112		 p
0070		 q
0071		 r
0072		 s
0073		 t
0074		 u
0075		 v
0076		 w
0077		 x
0078		 y
0079		 z
007A		 {
007B		 |
007C		 }
007D		 ~
007E
8_
128
9_
144
A_
160		 NBSP
00A0		 ¡
00A1		 ¢
00A2		 £
00A3		 ¤
00A4		 ¥
00A5		 ¦
00A6		 §
00A7		 ¨
00A8		 ©
00A9		 ª
00AA		 «
00AB		 ¬
00AC		 SHY
00AD		 ®
00AE		 ¯
00AF
B_
176		 °
00B0		 ±
00B1		 ²
00B2		 ³
00B3		 ´
00B4		 µ
00B5
00B6		 ·
00B7		 ¸
00B8		 ¹
00B9		 º
00BA		 »
00BB		 ¼
00BC		 ½
00BD		 ¾
00BE		 ¿
00BF
C_
192		 À
00C0		 Á
00C1		 Â
00C2		 Ã
00C3		 Ä
00C4		 Å
00C5		 Æ
00C6		 Ç
00C7		 È
00C8		 É
00C9		 Ê
00CA		 Ë
00CB		 Ì
00CC		 Í
00CD		 Î
00CE		 Ï
00CF
D_
208		 Ð
00D0		 Ñ
00D1		 Ò
00D2		 Ó
00D3		 Ô
00D4		 Õ
00D5		 Ö
00D6		 ×
00D7		 Ø
00D8		 Ù
00D9		 Ú
00DA		 Û
00DB		 Ü
00DC		 Ý
00DD		 Þ
00DE		 ß
00DF
E_
224		 à
00E0		 á
00E1		 â
00E2		 ã
00E3		 ä
00E4		 å
00E5		 æ
00E6		 ç
00E7		 è
00E8		 é
00E9		 ê
00EA		 ë
00EB		 ì
00EC		 í
00ED		 î
00EE		 ï
00EF
F_
240		 ð
00F0		 ñ
00F1		 ò
00F2		 ó
00F3		 ô
00F4		 õ
00F5		 ö
00F6		 ÷
00F7		 ø
00F8		 ù
00F9		 ú
00FA		 û
00FB		 ü
00FC		 ý
00FD		 þ
00FE		 ÿ
00FF

  Letter   Number   Punctuation   Symbol   Other   Undefined   Undefined in the first release of ECMA-94 (1985).[15] In the original draft, however, Œ was at codepoint 215 (0xD7) and œ was at codepoint 247 (0xF7).

Similar character sets
Main article: Western Latin character sets (computing)

ISO/IEC 8859-15

ISO/IEC 8859-15 was developed in 1999, as an update of ISO/IEC 8859-1. It provides some characters for French and Finnish text and the euro sign, which are missing from ISO/IEC 8859-1. This required the removal of some infrequently used characters from ISO/IEC 8859-1, including fraction symbols and letter-free diacritics: ¤, ¦, ¨, ´, ¸, ¼, ½, and ¾. Ironically, three of the newly added characters (Œ, œ, and Ÿ) had already been present in DEC's 1983 Multinational Character Set (MCS), the predecessor to ISO/IEC 8859-1 (1987). Since their original code points were now reused for other purposes, the characters had to be reintroduced under different, less logical code points.

ISO-IR-204, a more minor modification, had been registered in 1998, altering ISO-8859-1 by replacing the universal currency sign (¤) with the euro sign[19] (the same substitution made by ISO-8859-15).

Windows-1252

The popular Windows-1252 character set adds all the missing characters provided by ISO/IEC 8859-15, plus a number of typographic symbols, by replacing the rarely used C1 controls in the range 128 to 159 (hex 80 to 9F). It is very common to mislabel Windows-1252 text as being in ISO-8859-1. A common result was that all the quotes and apostrophes (produced by "smart quotes" in word-processing software) were replaced with question marks or boxes on non-Windows operating systems, making text difficult to read. Many web browsers and e-mail clients will interpret ISO-8859-1 control codes as Windows-1252 characters, and that behavior was later standardized in HTML5.[20]

Mac Roman

The Apple Macintosh computer introduced a character encoding called Mac Roman in 1984. It was meant to be suitable for Western European desktop publishing. It is a superset of ASCII, and has most of the characters that are in ISO-8859-1 and all the extra characters from Windows-1252 but in a totally different arrangement. The few printable characters that are in ISO 8859-1, but not in this set, are often a source of trouble when editing text on Web sites using older Macintosh browsers, including the last version of Internet Explorer for Mac.

Other

DOS had code page 850, which had all printable characters that ISO-8859-1 had (albeit in a totally different arrangement) plus the most widely used graphic characters from code page 437.

Between 1989[21] and 2015, Hewlett-Packard used another superset of ISO-8859-1 on many of their calculators. This proprietary character set was sometimes referred to simply as "ECMA-94" as well.[21]

See also

References
  1. "Encoding Standard". encoding.spec.whatwg.org.
  2. "HTML Standard". html.spec.whatwg.org.
  3. "Usage Survey of Character Encodings broken down by Ranking". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2021-01-02.
  4. "Historical trends in the usage of character encodings, January 2021". Retrieved 2020-01-02.
  5. "Source of character encoding statistics?". w3techs.com.
  6. "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use .de". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  7. "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use German". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  8. "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use Breton". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2020-12-08.
  9. "Code Page Identifiers". Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
  10. "Code page 819 information document". Archived from the original on 2017-01-16.
  11. "CCSID 819 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-27.
  12. Code Page CPGID 00819 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
  13. Code Page CPGID 00819 (txt), IBM
  14. Baird, Cathy; Chiba, Dan; Chu, Winson; Fan, Jessica; Ho, Claire; Law, Simon; Lee, Geoff; Linsley, Peter; Matsuda, Keni; Oscroft, Tamzin; Takeda, Shige; Tanaka, Linus; Tozawa, Makoto; Trute, Barry; Tsujimoto, Mayumi; Wu, Ying; Yau, Michael; Yu, Tim; Wang, Chao; Wong, Simon; Zhang, Weiran; Zheng, Lei; Zhu, Yan; Moore, Valarie (2002) [1996]. "Appendix A: Locale Data". Oracle9i Database Globalization Support Guide (PDF) (Release 2 (9.2) ed.). Oracle Corporation. Oracle A96529-01. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-14. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
  15. Standard ECMA-94: 8-bit Single-Byte Coded Graphic Character Set (PDF) (1 ed.). European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA). March 1985 [1984-12-14]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2016-12-01. […] Since 1982 the urgency of the need for an 8-bit single-byte coded character set was recognized in ECMA as well as in ANSI/X3L2 and numerous working papers were exchanged between the two groups. In February 1984 ECMA TC1 submitted to ISO/TC97/SC2 a proposal for such a coded character set. At its meeting of April 1984 SC decided to submit to TC97 a proposal for a new item of work for this topic. Technical discussions during and after this meeting led TC1 to adopt the coding scheme proposed by X3L2. Part 1 of Draft International Standard DTS 8859 is based on this joint ANSI/ECMA proposal. […] Adopted as an ECMA Standard by the General Assembly of Dec. 13–14, 1984. […]
  16. "Second edition of ECMA-94 (June 1986)" (PDF).
  17. Jacques, André (1996). "ISO Latin-1, norme de codage des caractères européens? Trois caractères français en sont absents!" (PDF). Cahiers GUTenberg (25): 65–77.
  18. Malyshev, Michael (2003-01-10). "Registration of new charset [Amiga-1251]". ATO-RU (Amiga Translation Organization - Russian Department). Archived from the original on 2016-12-05. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
  19. ITS Information Technology Standardization (1998-09-16). ISO-IR 204: Supplementary set for Latin-1 alternative with EURO SIGN (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ.
  20. van Kesteren, Anne (27 January 2015). "5.2 Names and labels". Encoding Standard. WHATWG. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  21. HP 82240B Infrared Printer (1 ed.). Corvallis, OR, USA: Hewlett-Packard. August 1989. HP reorder number 82240-90014. Retrieved 2016-08-01.
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