ISO/IEC 8859-8

ISO/IEC 8859-8, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 8: Latin/Hebrew alphabet, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings. ISO/IEC 8859-8:1999 from 1999 represents its second and current revision, preceded by the first edition ISO/IEC 8859-8:1988 in 1988. It is informally referred to as Latin/Hebrew. ISO/IEC 8859-8 covers all the Hebrew letters, but no Hebrew vowel signs. IBM assigned code page 916 (CCSIDs 916 and 5012) to it.[2][3][4] This character set was also adopted by Israeli Standard SI1311:2002, with some extensions.

ISO-8859-8: Latin/Hebrew
MIME / IANAISO-8859-8
Alias(es)iso-ir-138, hebrew, csISOLatinHebrew[1]
Language(s)Hebrew, English
StandardISO/IEC 8859-8, ECMA-121, SI 1311
Classificationextended ASCII, ISO 8859
Based onDEC Hebrew (8-bit), ISO/IEC 8859-1
Other related encoding(s)Windows-1255

ISO-8859-8 is the IANA preferred charset name for this standard when supplemented with the C0 and C1 control codes from ISO/IEC 6429. The text is (usually) in logical order, so bidi processing is required for display. Nominally ISO-8859-8 (code page 28598) is for “visual order”, and ISO-8859-8-I (code page 38598) is for logical order. But usually in practice, and required for XML documents, ISO-8859-8 also stands for logical order text. The WHATWG Encoding Standard used by HTML5 treats ISO-8859-8 and ISO-8859-8-I as distinct encodings with the same mapping due to influence on the layout direction, but notes that this no longer applies to ISO-8859-6 (Arabic), only to ISO-8859-8.[5]

There is also ISO-8859-8-E which supposedly requires directionality to be explicitly specified with special control characters; this latter variant is in practice unused.

The Microsoft Windows code page for Hebrew, Windows-1255, is mostly an extension of ISO/IEC 8859-8 without C1 controls, except for the omission of the double underscore, and replacement of the generic currency sign (¤) with the sheqel sign (₪). It adds support for vowel points as combining characters, and some additional punctuation.

Over a decade after the publication of that standard, Unicode is preferred, at least for the Internet[6] (meaning UTF-8, the dominant encoding for web pages). ISO-8859-8 is used by less that 0.1% of websites.[7]

Code page layout
ISO/IEC 8859-8[8][9][10][11]
_0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F
0_
0
1_
16
2_
32		 SP
0020		 !
0021		 "
0022		 #
0023		 $
0024		 %
0025		 &
0026		 '
0027		 (
0028		 )
0029		 *
002A		 +
002B		 ,
002C		 -
002D		 .
002E		 /
002F
3_
48		 0
0030		 1
0031		 2
0032		 3
0033		 4
0034		 5
0035		 6
0036		 7
0037		 8
0038		 9
0039		 :
003A		 ;
003B		 <
003C		 =
003D		 >
003E		 ?
003F
4_
64		 @
0040		 A
0041		 B
0042		 C
0043		 D
0044		 E
0045		 F
0046		 G
0047		 H
0048		 I
0049		 J
004A		 K
004B		 L
004C		 M
004D		 N
004E		 O
004F
5_
80		 P
0050		 Q
0051		 R
0052		 S
0053		 T
0054		 U
0055		 V
0056		 W
0057		 X
0058		 Y
0059		 Z
005A		 [
005B		 \
005C		 ]
005D		 ^
005E		 _
005F
6_
96		 `
0060		 a
0061		 b
0062		 c
0063		 d
0064		 e
0065		 f
0066		 g
0067		 h
0068		 i
0069		 j
006A		 k
006B		 l
006C		 m
006D		 n
006E		 o
006F
7_
112		 p
0070		 q
0071		 r
0072		 s
0073		 t
0074		 u
0075		 v
0076		 w
0077		 x
0078		 y
0079		 z
007A		 {
007B		 |
007C		 }
007D		 ~
007E
8_
128
9_
144
A_
160		 NBSP
00A0		 ¢
00A2		 £
00A3		 ¤
00A4		 ¥
00A5		 ¦
00A6		 §
00A7		 ¨
00A8		 ©
00A9		 ×
00D7		 «
00AB		 ¬
00AC		 SHY
00AD		 ®
00AE		 ¯
00AF
B_
176		 °
00B0		 ±
00B1		 ²
00B2		 ³
00B3		 ´
00B4		 µ
00B5
00B6		 ·
00B7		 ¸
00B8		 ¹
00B9		 ÷
00F7		 »
00BB		 ¼
00BC		 ½
00BD		 ¾
00BE
C_
192
D_
208		 ‗
2017
E_
224		 א
05D0		 ב
05D1		 ג
05D2		 ד
05D3		 ה
05D4		 ו
05D5		 ז
05D6		 ח
05D7		 ט
05D8		 י
05D9		 ך
05DA		 כ
05DB		 ל
05DC		 ם
05DD		 מ
05DE		 ן
05DF
F_
240		 נ
05E0		 ס
05E1		 ע
05E2		 ף
05E3		 פ
05E4		 ץ
05E5		 צ
05E6		 ק
05E7		 ר
05E8		 ש
05E9		 ת
05EA		 LRM
200E		 RLM
200F

  Letter   Number   Punctuation   Symbol   Other   Undefined

  Different from DEC Hebrew (8-bit) to match ISO-8859-1.
  Different from both DEC Hebrew (8-bit) and ISO-8859-1.

FD is left-to-right mark (U+200E) and FE is right-to-left mark (U+200F), as specified in a newer amendment as ISO/IEC 8859-8:1999.

2002 Israeli Standard extensions

Israeli Standard SI1311:2002 matches ISO/IEC 8859-8:1999 except for a number of additional character allocations for the euro sign, new shekel sign and more advanced explicit bidirectional formatting.[12]

SI1311:2002[12]
_0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F
D_
208		 €
20AC		 ₪
20AA		 LRO
202D		 RLO
202E		 PDF
202C		 ‗
2017
E_
224		 א
05D0		 ב
05D1		 ג
05D2		 ד
05D3		 ה
05D4		 ו
05D5		 ז
05D6		 ח
05D7		 ט
05D8		 י
05D9		 ך
05DA		 כ
05DB		 ל
05DC		 ם
05DD		 מ
05DE		 ן
05DF
F_
240		 נ
05E0		 ס
05E1		 ע
05E2		 ף
05E3		 פ
05E4		 ץ
05E5		 צ
05E6		 ק
05E7		 ר
05E8		 ש
05E9		 ת
05EA		 LRE
202A		 RLE
202B		 LRM
200E		 RLM
200F
  Absent from ISO/IEC 8859-8:1999, added in SI1311:2002.

See also

References
  1. Character Sets, Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), 2018-12-12
  2. "Code page 916 information document". Archived from the original on 2017-02-16.
  3. "CCSID 916 information document". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  4. "CCSID 5012 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-27.
  5. van Kesteren, Anne. "9. Legacy single-byte encodings". Encoding Standard. WHATWG. Note: ISO-8859-8 and ISO-8859-8-I are distinct encoding names, because ISO-8859-8 has influence on the layout direction. And although historically this might have been the case for ISO-8859-6 and "ISO-8859-6-I" as well, that is no longer true.
  6. John, Nicholas A. (2013). "The Construction of the Multilingual Internet: Unicode, Hebrew, and Globalization". Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. 18 (3): 321–338. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12015. ISSN 1083-6101. Background: the problem of Hebrew and the Internet
  7. "Usage Statistics of ISO-8859-8 for Websites, January 2019". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2019-01-17.
  8. Code Page CPGID 00916 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
  9. Code Page CPGID 00916 (txt), IBM
  10. International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-916_P100-1995.ucm, 2002-12-03
  11. International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5012_P100-1999.ucm, 2002-12-03
  12. Standards Institution of Israel. "ISO-IR 234: Latin/Hebrew character set for 8-bit codes" (PDF). Information Technology Standards Commission of Japan (ITSCJ/IPSJ).
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