Independent Democratic Conference

The conference upon forming a coalition in 2012.
Majority:

  Republicans (30)

  Independent Democratic Conference (4)

  Non-Conference Democrat in Majority (1)

Minority:

  Democrats (28)

On January 5, 2011, Klein, along with three other Democratic senators (Diane Savino, David Valesky, and David Carlucci), announced the formation of a caucus within the state senate called the Independent Democratic Conference. The four senators indicated that they no longer approved of Sampson's leadership.[7][8] Klein claimed that, unlike the Democrats who left the conference in the 2009 leadership crisis, the IDC was concerned with legislation that a Democratic majority did not pass, such as marriage equality.[9][10] As the majority and minority leaders give committee assignments, the IDC was disappointed when Sampson offered the IDC members minor roles on committees. Klein reached out to Dean Skelos, the Republican leader, and Skelos agreed to give the four members chairmanships of standing committees.[11][12]

In the November 2012 elections, Democrats won a majority of seats in the State Senate.[13] Following the election, the IDC formed a bipartisan coalition with the Senate Republican Conference that enabled the two conferences to control the Senate despite the Democrats' numerical majority. Under their power-sharing arrangement, the IDC and the Senate Republicans agreed to " decide what bills [would] reach the Senate floor each day of the session", would "dole out committee assignments", would "have the power to make appointments to state and local boards", and would "share negotiations over the state budget".[14] Klein and Skelos also agreed that the title of Senate President would shift back and forth between the two of them every two weeks.[14] Additionally, Simcha Felder, a Democratic senator-elect, announced he would caucus with the Republicans.[15]

In December 2012, the IDC recruited Malcolm Smith to join its ranks.[16] This move was part of a failed attempt by Smith to secure the Republican Party nomination in the New York City mayoral election; Smith was indicted on federal corruption charges, which led to his expulsion from the IDC on April 14, 2013,[7] and his eventual conviction.[17][18] On February 26, 2014, Tony Avella left the Senate Democratic Conference to join the IDC.[7]

The conference at peak membership in December 2017.
Majority:

  Republicans (31)

  Independent Democratic Conference (8)

  Non-Conference Democrat in Majority (1)

Minority:

  Democrats (23)

Liberal activists working with the Democratic Party and the Working Families Party targeted Klein and Avella during the Democratic primary elections in September 2014, with Oliver Koppell challenging Klein and John Liu challenging Avella.[19] Due to pressure from Governor Andrew Cuomo and labor unions, Klein indicated in June 2014 that the IDC would rejoin the Democratic caucus after the November 2014 elections.[20] Still, the IDC supported Betty Jean Grant's unsuccessful primary challenge against Timothy M. Kennedy because of Grant's pro-choice political stance.[21] Klein and Avella won their respective primaries.[22][23]

In the 2014 general election, Republicans won back the majority.[24] The election results meant that Klein lost his position as co-leader, with Skelos taking over as the Senate Majority Leader and Temporary President of the Senate and regaining sole control over which bills would reach the Senate floor.[14][25][7] Though the new Democratic leader, Andrea Stewart-Cousins, held discussions with Klein about the IDC rejoining the Democrats,[26] the IDC members decided to remain allied with the Republicans in the 2015 legislative session[25][27] despite their conference's diminished role.[14]

During the 2015 session, the IDC successfully pushed the Republicans to include paid family leave and a $15 per hour minimum wage in the state budget.[19] Klein also pushed for more funding to the New York City Housing Authority,[28] and obtained $100 million. During Skelos' 2015 trial for corruption, a wiretapped conversation was played where Skelos argued that the Republicans' power sharing agreement gave the IDC no real power and it would serve to hinder Democrats by keeping them divided. Klein indicated that this recording would not change the IDC agreement with Republicans.[29]

After some of its members faced primary challenges in 2014, the IDC formed its own campaign committee through an agreement with the Independence Party of New York.[30] Heading into the November 2016 elections, Klein would not commit to rejoining the Senate Democratic Conference.[31] After the elections, newly elected senator Marisol Alcantara and second-term senator Jesse Hamilton joined the IDC.[32] Despite pressure from liberal activists to unite the 24 mainstream Democrats with the IDC and Felder to form a 32-member majority,[33] and despite attempts by Stewart-Cousins to involve Cuomo in the situation,[34] the IDC and Felder continued their relationships with the 31 Senate Republicans, giving Republicans the majority in the 2017 legislative session.[35] In January 2017, Jose Peralta joined the IDC.[36]

Following the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States in November 2016, the Senate Democratic Conference and grassroots activists (including members of Rise and Resist and several Indivisible groups) stepped up their criticism of the IDC for splitting the Democratic vote in the State Senate and enabling Republicans to maintain control of the chamber.[37][38][39][40]

In early May 2017, it was revealed that members of the IDC, among them Savino and Peralta, received stipends normally reserved only for chairmen of committees, who, in these cases, were Republicans. The payments appear to have been approved by Republican leadership in the state senate.[41] It later emerged that this was also made possible through the actions of staff who falsely listed the members of the IDC as committee chairmen.[42] The scandal was investigated by the New York Attorney General's Office and the U.S. Attorney for Brooklyn; as of March 2018 (roughly a year later) the status of that inquiry was not known.[43] At the time, the members of the IDC continued to refuse attempts by the Democratic Party to have the conference join with the "mainstream" Democratic Conference completely or in a coalition.[44] On May 24, 2017, Felder urged the IDC to rejoin the mainline Democrats, and suggested that he might rejoin the Democratic Conference as well.[45]

The New York Senate following the dissolution of the Independent Democratic Conference in April 2018.
Majority:

  Republicans (31)

  Non-Conference Democrat in Majority (1)

Minority:

  Democrats (31)

On April 4, 2018, the IDC announced that it would dissolve, its members would rejoin the Senate Democratic Conference, and that Klein would become the Deputy Democratic Conference Leader. The announcement followed a meeting called by Governor Andrew Cuomo at which Cuomo requested that the IDC reunite with the Senate Democratic Conference.[46] On April 16, the IDC was dissolved.[47]

Following the purported dissolution of the IDC, Avella, Alcantara, Carlucci and Hamilton were all stripped of their committee chairships by Senate Majority Leader John J. Flanagan.[48] In addition, 39 IDC staffers were laid off, and Klein was required to move out of his office suite and relinquish his state vehicle.[49] Despite their return to the Senate Democratic Conference, all eight former members of the IDC faced challengers in the 2018 Democratic primaries.[50][51]

In June 2018, a trial court judge found the IDC's fundraising arrangement with the Independence Party illegal.[52] On July 20, 2018, the New York State Board of Elections directed the eight former members of the IDC to return all contributions they had received from the Senate Independence Campaign Committee.[53]

In the Democratic Party primary elections held on September 13, 2018, all eight former members of the IDC at the time of its dissolution faced challengers.[54] Six were defeated, attributed to backlash against the former IDC: John Liu defeated Avella,[55] Robert Jackson defeated Alcantara,[56] Alessandra Biaggi defeated Klein,[57] Jessica Ramos defeated Peralta,[58] Zellnor Myrie defeated Hamilton,[59] and Rachel May defeated Valesky.[60] Carlucci and Savino won renomination.[61][62]

As part of New York's electoral fusion laws allowing candidates to run on multiple ballot lines in an election, each of the six defeated IDC candidates appeared on the ballot for the November general election on at least one third-party line. All six were endorsed by the Independence Party of New York; Avella, Valesky, Hamilton and Peralta were endorsed by the Women's Equality Party of New York, and Peralta was endorsed by the Reform Party of New York State.[63][64] However, most of the six defeated senators suspended their reelection campaigns after the primary election; Avella was the only one to announce that he would continue to run in the general election.[65][66][67] Although Avella appeared on the Women's Equality Party ballot line, after his primary loss to John Liu, the party, created by Governor Cuomo, announced that it was supporting Liu instead.[68] In the November general election, all six were defeated by the same challengers who had done so in the primary; Carlucci and Savino were reelected.[69]