Indian Medical Service

The Indian Medical Service (IMS) was a military medical service in British India, which also had some civilian functions. It served during the two World Wars, and remained in existence until the independence of India in 1947. Many of its officers, who were both British and Indian, served in civilian hospitals.

Unidentified members of the IMS in France, during World War I.

Among its notable ranks, the IMS had Sir Ronald Ross, a Nobel Prize winner, Sir Benjamin Franklin, later honorary physician to three British monarchs and Henry Vandyke Carter, best known for his illustrations in the anatomy textbook Gray's Anatomy.

History

The earliest positions for medical officers in the British East India Company (formed as the Association of Merchant Adventurers in 1599 and receiving the royal charter on the last day of 1600) were as ship surgeons. The first three surgeons to have served were John Banester on the Leicester, Lewis Attmer on the Edward and Rober on the Francis. The first Company fleet went out in 1600 with James Lancaster on the Red Dragon and three other ships, each with two surgeons and a barber.[1] This was the voyage on which the serendipitous experiment on lemon juice as a cure for scurvy was carried out. The establishment of the East India Company in India was greatly aided by a doctor, although a lot of fiction may have been introduced into accounts relating to this. Gabriel Boughton is said to have saved Shah Jahan's daughter princess Jahanara from injuries due to burns. In reward he was given duty-free trading rights and this document was utilized by the East India Company to obtain a farman or rights for itself from the ruler in Surat.[2]

As more factories of the East India Company were established in India at this time, new positions began to be created for the appointment of surgeons and physicians.[3] These men of medicine included Nicholas Manucci, a Venetian born in 1639 who served Dara Shikoh before studying medicine in Lahore where he served Shah Alam from 1678-82. Later, he then settled in Madras. An Armenian named Sikandar Beg served as surgeon to Suleiman Shikoh, son of Darah Shikoh, and there are records of several Dutch and French physicians in various courts across India.[4] Samuel Browne served around 1694 at Fort St. George, Madras from where he also reported on his botanical and other natural history studies.[5] Jean Martin served Haider Ali and Jean Castarede served under Tipoo Sultan.[6] A hierarchy was introduced into the establishment of the East India Company in 1614 with the appointment of a surgeon general. The first to accept this position was John Woodall, who was however accused of embezzling pay from apprentices that he used to hire. With continuing complaints and financial crunch he was retrenched in 1642.[7] Another Surgeon Walter Chesley was sent home from service in Sumatra for drunkenness, while a Dr. Coote was removed from Bencoolen for debauchery in 1697.[8]

Surgeons were often assigned on diplomatic missions to various courts and they were found to be very influential. The first surgeon at Calcutta was a Dutchman who resigned in 1691. William Hamilton was particularly famous.[9] John Zephaniah Holwell who came to Bengal as a Surgeon in 1732 was appointed as Zamindar of Calcutta. He was captured in 1756 by Siraj-ud-Daulah and survived the Black Hole. Holwell was noted as a careful student of native customs and it has been suggested that if he had been in charge of Fort William, the entire incident would not have happened. He returned to England and became as an advisor on various matters of government.[10] Surgeons were often spared in wartime. William Fullerton was the sole survivor in 1763 at Patna when the English fought Nawab Mir Qasim.[11][12] Later, around 1830, John Martin Honigberger from Transylvania served Ranjit Singh. He also worked at a hospital set up by Sir Henry Lawrence at Lahore.[13] Benjamin Simpson is particularly well known for capturing numerous photographs during his service in the second half of the 19th century.

Later, in the nineteenth century, the IMS became one of the routes to becoming a Political officer in the Indian Political Department.[14][15]

Organization

The first signs of organization began with the establishment of the Bengal Medical Service on 20 October 1763 with fixed grades, rules for promotion and service. Similar services were established by 1764 in both Madras and Bombay.[16] In Bengal increasing military actions required the separation of Military Surgeons from Civil Surgeons. Each non-native regiment had a surgeon and over time the strength of the Medical Service grew. The Bengal service had 382 in 1854 while Madras had 217 and Bombay 181.[17] For a while the military service also required combat service and upon promotion they could choose one branch either as Captain or Surgeon. The first Indian natives to join the service was Soorjo Coomar Goodeve Chuckerbutty who entered the service on 24 January 1855 followed by Rajendra Chandra Chandra on 27 January 1858.[18] The Medical Services of the Madras, Bengal and Bombay Presidencies were united after 1857. Separate Medical Boards involved that recruited for the Presidencies were abolished on 12 November 1857. A single Indian Medical Service that separated from the civil medical service in 1858[19] was placed under a single Director General.[20]

Ranks

Prior to the formation of the IMS in 1764, all medical officers in the employ of the East India Company were unranked. There were two grades of medical officer:

  • Head Surgeon
  • Surgeon

From 1764, there were four primary ranks of medical officer. The Surgeon-General (at other times designated Physician-General or Chief Surgeon) headed the service from around 1769, while Head Surgeons, who ranked immediately below, nominally oversaw the main military hospitals in the subcontinent, though the exact scope of their authority remained vague. Below the Head Surgeons were Surgeons, followed by Hospital Mates. Sometime prior to 1785, Head Surgeons were redesignated Surgeon-Majors, with Hospital Mates becoming Assistant Surgeons. Apart from the Surgeon-General or his equivalent, all medical officers ranked with warrant officers. The rank of Surgeon-Major was apparently discontinued around 1785 and replaced by the former rank of Head Surgeon. In 1786, formal three-member Medical Boards were established, with one Board for each Presidency.[20]

On 24 October 1788, medical officers were reclassified as commissioned officers:

  • Surgeon-General/Physician-General/Chief Surgeon
  • Head Surgeons - ranking with Majors
  • Surgeons - ranking with Captains
  • Assistant Surgeons - ranking with Lieutenants

In 1807, the rank of Superintending Surgeon was officially introduced, having been informally used since around 1803. Ranking above Head Surgeons (redesignated Senior Surgeons around this time), they supplanted them as professional administrators of military hospitals. Each army division was allotted a Superintending Surgeon. In 1842, the three positions on each Medical Board were ranked in order of seniority as Physician-General, Surgeon-General and Inspector-General of Hospitals, respectively. In 1843, the East India Company formalized equivalent military ranks for medical officers, as follows:[20]

  • Physician-General/Surgeon-General/Inspector-General - ranking with Brigadier-Generals
  • Superintending Surgeons - ranking with Lieutenant-Colonels
  • Senior Surgeons - ranking with Majors
  • Surgeons - ranking with Captains
  • Assistant Surgeons - ranking with Lieutenants

When the British government dissolved the East India Company in 1858 and asserted its rule over India, it abolished the Medical Boards and replaced the appointments of Physician-General and Surgeon-General with a single Director-General. Superintending Surgeons were also redesignated Deputy Inspectors-General at the same time. The ranks of the medical service thus became:

  • Director-General/Inspector-General - ranking with Brigadier-Generals
  • Deputy Inspectors-General - ranking with Lieutenant-Colonels
  • Senior Surgeons - ranking with Majors
  • Surgeons - ranking with Captains
  • Assistant Surgeons - ranking with Lieutenants

In 1862, the rank of Director-General was briefly redesignated as Principal Inspector-General, but the former designation was restored in 1866, followed by the redesignation of Director-General as Inspector-General in 1869. A new ranking system was introduced in 1873:[20]

  • Surgeon-General - ranking with Brigadier-Generals
  • Deputy Surgeons-General - ranking with Lieutenant-Colonels
  • Surgeons-Major - ranking with Majors
  • Surgeons (6+ years of service) - ranking with Captains
  • Surgeons (less than 6 years of service) - ranking with Lieutenants

In 1880, the rank of Brigade Surgeon was introduced and all Surgeons regardless of their date of joining were ranked as Captains. The IMS ranks were then as follows:[20]

  • Surgeon-General - ranking with Brigadier-General
  • Deputy Surgeons-General - ranking with Colonels
  • Brigade Surgeons - ranking with Lieutenant-Colonels
  • Surgeons-Major - ranking with Majors
  • Surgeons - ranking with Captains

IMS officers were given formal military ranks for the first time in 1891, corresponding to those of their British Indian Army counterparts. The appointment of Surgeon-General was upgraded to that of a Major-General, with the title of Surgeon Major-General. The rank of Surgeon-Lieutenant was also introduced in 1891. In 1895, the head of the service was named its Director-General, holding the rank and appointment of a Surgeon-General (Surgeon Major-General). IMS military ranks retained the prefix of "Surgeon" until it was dropped in 1898.[20]

Later development

The British Indian government set up the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine between 1910 and its opening in 1921 as a postgraduate center for tropical medicine on the periphery of the Empire.[21]

See also

References
  1. Crawford I:1-3
  2. Crawford 1:37-57
  3. Crawford, D. G. (1901). "Notes on the History of the Bengal Medical Service". The Indian Medical Gazette. 36 (1): 1–4. ISSN 0019-5863. PMC 5164180. PMID 29004198. The following notes were compiled altogether from the point of view of a member of the Bengal Medical Service, but I believe that the statements about pay, rank, furlough, &c., in fact all the notes on the early history of the Bengal service, would apply equally, mutatis mutandis, to Madras and Bombay.
  4. Crawford 1:7-9
  5. Crawford 1:16
  6. Crawford 1:11-14
  7. Crawford 1:24-25
  8. Crawford 1:34
  9. Crawford 1:116-127
  10. Crawford 1:150-176
  11. Crawford 1:180-196
  12. Sinha, K.K. (1993). "Gabriel Boughton and William Hamilton: surgeons who helped build British power in India". Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh. 38 (3): 125–126. PMID 7687669.
  13. Crawford 1:15-16
  14. Wendy Palace (2004), The British Empire & Tibet 1900 - 1922, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415346827, OCLC 834529138, OL 3291326M, 0415346827
  15. Garrison, Fielding H. (1914). "The Anglo-Indian Surgeons". Edinburgh Medical Journal. 12 (5): 425–432. ISSN 0367-1038. PMC 5271284.
  16. Crawford 1:197-198
  17. Crawford 1:201-222
  18. Crawford, D. G. (1901). "Notes on History of Bengal Medical Service". The Indian Medical Gazette. 36 (2): 41–48. ISSN 0019-5863. PMC 5164019. PMID 29004070.
  19. Harrison, Mark (1994). Public Health in British India: Anglo-Indian Preventive Medicine 1859-1914. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
  20. Crawford, D. G. (1907). "History of the Indian Medical Service". The Indian Medical Gazette. 42 (5): 192–198. ISSN 0019-5863. PMC 5165998. PMID 29005090.
  21. Helen Power, "The Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine: Institutionalizing Medical Research in the Periphery," Medical History (1996) 40#2 pp 197-214.

Further reading
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