Infinite dihedral group

Every dihedral group is generated by a rotation r and a reflection; if the rotation is a rational multiple of a full rotation, then there is some integer n such that rⁿ is the identity, and we have a finite dihedral group of order 2n. If the rotation is not a rational multiple of a full rotation, then there is no such n and the resulting group has infinitely many elements and is called Dih_∞. It has presentations

${\displaystyle \langle r,s\mid s^{2}=1,srs=r^{-1}\rangle \,\!}$

${\displaystyle \langle x,y\mid x^{2}=y^{2}=1\rangle \,\!}$[1]

and is isomorphic to a semidirect product of Z and Z/2, and to the free product Z/2 * Z/2. It is the automorphism group of the graph consisting of a path infinite to both sides. Correspondingly, it is the isometry group of Z (see also symmetry groups in one dimension), the group of permutations α: Z → Z satisfying |i - j| = |α(i) - α(j)|, for all i, j in Z.[2]

The infinite dihedral group can also be defined as the holomorph of the infinite cyclic group.

When periodically sampling a sinusoidal function at rate f_s, the abscissa above represents its frequency, and the ordinate represents another sinusoid that could produce the same set of samples. An infinite number of abscissas have the same ordinate (an equivalence class with the fundamental domain [0, f_s/2]),and they exhibit dihedral symmetry. The many-to-one phenomenon is known as aliasing.

An example of infinite dihedral symmetry is in aliasing of real-valued signals.

When sampling a function at frequency f_s (intervals 1/f_s), the following functions yield identical sets of samples: {sin(2π( f+Nf_s) t + φ), N = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3,...}. Thus, the detected value of frequency f is periodic, which gives the translation element r = f_s. The functions and their frequencies are said to be aliases of each other. Noting the trigonometric identity:

${\displaystyle \sin(2\pi (f+Nf_{s})t+\phi )=\left\{{\begin{array}{ll}+\sin(2\pi (f+Nf_{s})t+\phi ),&f+Nf_{s}\geq 0\\-\sin(2\pi |f+Nf_{s}|t-\phi ),&f+Nf_{s}<0\\\end{array}}\right.}$

we can write all the alias frequencies as positive values:  | f+N f_s|.  This gives the reflection (f) element, namely f ↦ −f.  For example, with f = 0.6f_s  and  N = −1,  f+Nf_s = −0.4f_s  reflects to  0.4f_s, resulting in the two left-most black dots in the figure.[note 1]  The other two dots correspond to N = −2  and  N = 1. As the figure depicts, there are reflection symmetries, at 0.5f_s,  f_s,  1.5f_s,  etc.  Formally, the quotient under aliasing is the orbifold [0, 0.5f_s], with a Z/2 action at the endpoints (the orbifold points), corresponding to reflection.

• The orthogonal group O(2), another infinite generalization of the finite dihedral groups