Iris pamphylica

Iris pamphylica is a plant species in the genus Iris. It is the largest member of the subgenus Hermodactyloides, it is also in the section Reticulatae. It is a bulbous perennial from Antalya Province in Turkey, Asia. It has long narrow leaves, shorter stem holding a bi-coloured flower in shades of purple, blue or purple-brown, with a yellow, purple-spotted section on a petal.

Iris pamphylica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Hermodactyloides
Section: Iris sect. Reticulatae
Species:
I. pamphylica
Binomial name
Iris pamphylica

Description

It has long and thin bulb,[1] that has fine netted 'tunic',[2] underneath are thick fleshy roots.[1] There are short fine hairs at the base of the bulb as well as a few bulblets, which can grow into adult bulbs.[2]

In spring, it has linear,[1] narrow leaves,[3] that look square-like when seen in cross section.[2][4] When in flower, the leaves are between 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) tall.[5] Later, the leaves extend up to 55 cm (22 in), when in full growth.[1][2][4] In the mesophyll (between the upper and lower layers of epidermis) of the leaves, hexagonal crystals have been found.[6]

It has a stem that is between 10–25 cm (3.9–9.8 in) tall,[2] making it the 2nd tallest Hermodactyloide Iris after Iris tuberosa.[1][2]

The stem has several green, inflated spathes (leaves of the flower bud).[2]

It blooms in late winter-spring,[5] or early spring.[3] The slightly fragrant flowers,[1] are 5–6 cm (2–2 in) in diameter.[4] They are carried on a stem (unlike other species in the subgenus),[4] and are bi-coloured.[2] They come in shades of purple,[1] blue or purple-brown.[7] Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[8]:17 The reflexed elliptic falls are 3.5–4 cm (1–2 in) long, purple-brown,[2][7] in the centre of the petal is a yellow blotch,[7] or yellow, purple-spotted median ridge.[1][2] The narrowly oblanceolate shaped standards are 4 cm (1.6 in), long and 0.6 cm wide, they are pale to deep blue, veined darker.[2]

It has style branches which are 3.5 cm long,[2] the bract same length as perianth tube at 2 cm long.[2][9]

In 2017, a comparison was carried out on the morphological and anatomical properties of Iris masia and Iris pamphylica (another endangered Turkish endemic iris), it was found that the leaves of both taxa have xeromorphic structure.[10]

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[8]:18 It has a count of 2n = 20.[1]

Taxonomy

It was published and described by Ian Charleson Hedge in 'Notes of the Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh' Vol.23 on page 557 in 1961.[11][12] It was also recorded in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society No.96 in 1971.[5]

It has been named after the old name for the region of Turkey, Pamphylia. In Turkish, it is known as Akseki navruzu.[13]

Iris pamphylica is an accepted name by the RHS,[14] and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 3 December 2004.[15]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to temperate Asia.[15]

Range

It is found in Turkey,[6][16] within the Antalya Province near Manavgat),[2][16] and Mount Taurus.[1][3]

Habitat

It is found in fields,[2] and on the edges of oak forests,[2] and open woodland on limestone soils.[3] It is normally found at 700–1,500 m (2,300–4,900 ft) above sea level.[1][2]

Conservation

It was on the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants,[17] and was listed in the 'endangered' category of the Red Data Book of Turkish Plants (Ekim et. al., 2001). It needs legal protection of habitat and help with propagation, such as tissue culture techniques.[16]

Cultivation

It likes to grow in loamy soils,[18] and is hardy, but not as hardy as other bulbs in the series.[1] It is suitable to grow in rock gardens or in pots.[1]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[19]

Culture

In Turkey, it has featured on the 7,500,000 lira coin (as part of the Turkish flowers set, issued in 2002).[20][21]

References
  1. "Chapter III bulbous irises". irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  2. British Iris Society A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation , p. 279, at Google Books
  3. Basak Gardner & Chris Gardner Flora of the Silk Road: The Complete Illustrated Guide, p. 76, at Google Books
  4. "Iris pamphylica". encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  5. Walters, Stuart Max (Editor) European Garden Flora: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated, p. 354, at Google Books
  6. Kandemir, N. (2015). "Leaf Anatomical Properties of Some Rare and Endemic Iris L. Taxa and Their Relations : subgenus Hermodactyloides in Turkey". The Iranian Journal of Botany. 21 (2): 142–151. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  7. "Reticulata Irises". www.pacificbulbsociety.org. 11 May 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  8. Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-730-9.
  9. Beauchamp, R. Mitchel (1989). Herbertia, Volume 45. The American Plant Life Society.
  10. Kandemir, N.; Çelik, A. (14 September 2017). "Comparison of morphological and anatomical properties of endangered endemic Iris pamphylica and I. masia in Turkey" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 59 (3–4): 371–388. doi:10.1556/034.59.2017.3-4.6.
  11. "Canadian Iris Society, CIS newsletter Winter 2013, Volume 57, Issue 1" (PDF). www.e-clipse.ca. 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
  12. "Iridaceae Iris pamphylica Hedge". ipni.org. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  13. "The Peerless flowers of Turkey" (PDF). floriade2012turkey.com. 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  14. "Iris pamphylica". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
  15. "Iris pamphylica". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  16. Nasircilar, Ayse Gul; Deniz, Ismail Gokhan (2014). "An Alternative Plant Propagation and Conservation Process for Iris Pampyhlica an Endemic and Endangered Geophyte" (PDF). Fifth International Scientific Agricultural Symposium Agrosym 2014. pp. 346–351. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
  17. Kerry Scott Walter and Harriet J. Gillett (Editors) 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants, p. 679, at Google Books
  18. Kandemir, Nezahat; Çeliki, Ali; Surucu, Abdulkadir (12 October 2011). "Ecological Response of some Iris L. Taxa (Iridaceae) In Turkey" (pdf). www.banglajol.info (Department of Biology, Education Faculty, Amasya University). Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  19. David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske Toxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books
  20. "7,500,000 lira". en.numista.com. Numista. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  21. George S. Cuha (Editor) 2016 Standard Catalog of World Coins 2001-Date , p. 1249, at Google Books

Other sources
  • Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands.
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 177–178.

Data related to Iris pamphylica at Wikispecies

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