Isobaric labeling

Isobaric labeling is a mass spectrometry strategy used in quantitative proteomics. Peptides or proteins are labeled with various chemical groups that are (at least nominally) identical masses (isobaric), but vary in terms of distribution of heavy isotopes around their structure. These tags, commonly referred to as tandem mass tags, are designed so that the mass tag is cleaved at a specific linker region upon high-energy CID (HCD) during tandem mass spectrometry yielding reporter ions of different masses. The most common isobaric tags are amine-reactive tags.[1] However, tags that react with cysteine residues and carbonyl groups have also been described.[2] These amine-reactive groups go through N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) reactions, which are based around three types of functional groups.[2] Isobaric labeling methods include tandem mass tags (TMT), isobaric tags for absolute and relative quantification (iTRAQ), mass differential tags for absolute and relative quantification, and dimethyl labeling.[1] TMTs and iTRAQ methods are most common and developed of these methods.[1] Tandem mass tags have a mass reporter region, a cleavable linker region, a mass normalization region, and a protein reactive group and have the same total mass.[3]

A schematic of isobaric labeling: proteins are extracted from different conditions or cell types, digested into peptides, and labeled with isobaric stable isotope tags. These tags consist of reporter, balance, and reactive regions. Lighter reporter regions are paired with heavier balance regions, such that the entire tag attached to the peptide adds the same mass shift. Therefore, after mixing, in MS1, the peptides appear as a single precursor. However, when fragmented during MS2, in addition to the normal fragment ions, the reporter regions dissociate to produce ion signals which provide quantitative information regarding the relative amount of the peptide in the samples.

Workflow

A typical bottom-up proteomics workflow is described by (Yates, 2014).[2] Protein samples are enzymatically digested by a protease to produce peptides. Each digested experimental sample is derivative with a different isotopic variant of the tag from a set. The samples are mixed in typically equal ratios and analyzed simultaneously in one MS run. Since the tags are isobaric and have identical chemical properties, the isotopic variants of the tags appear as a single composite peak at the same m/z value in an MS1 scan with identical liquid chromatography (LC) retention times. During a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, the fragmented peptides produce sequence-specific product ions. These product ions are used to determine the peptide sequence and the reporter tags whose abundances reflect the relative ratio of the peptide in the samples that were combined. The use of MS/MS is required to detect the tags, therefore, unlabeled peptides are not quantitated.

Advantages

Explained previously by (Lee, Choe, Aggarwal, 2017).[4] A key benefit of isobaric labeling over other quantification techniques (e.g. label-free) is the multiplex capabilities and thus increased throughput potential. The ability to combine and analyze several samples simultaneously in one LC-MS run eliminates the need to analyze multiple data sets and eliminates run-to-run variation. Multiplexing reduces sample processing variability, improves specificity by quantifying the peptides from each condition simultaneously, and reduces turnaround time for multiple samples. Without multiplexing, information can be missed from run-to-run, affecting identification and quantification, as peptides selected for fragmentation on one LC-MS/MS run may not be present or of suitable quantity in subsequent sample runs. The current available isobaric chemical tags facilitate the simultaneous analysis of 2 to 11 experimental samples.

Applications
ITRAQ 8plex kit

Isobaric labeling has been successfully used for many biological applications including protein identification and quantification, protein expression profiling of normal vs abnormal states, quantitative analysis of proteins for which no antibodies are available and identification and quantification of post translationally modified proteins.[4]

Availability

There are two types of isobaric tags commercially available: tandem mass tags (TMT) and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). Amine-reactive TMT are available in duplex, 6-plex and 10-plex and now 11-plex sets.[5] Amine-reactive iTRAQ are available in 4-plex and 8-plex[6] forms.


References
  1. Bantscheff, Marcus; Lemeer, Simone; Savitski, Mikhail M.; Kuster, Bernhard (2012-09-01). "Quantitative mass spectrometry in proteomics: critical review update from 2007 to the present". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 404 (4): 939–965. doi:10.1007/s00216-012-6203-4. ISSN 1618-2650. PMID 22772140.
  2. Yates, John (2014). "Isobaric Labeling-Based Relative Quantification in Shotgun Proteomics". Journal of Proteome Research. 13 (12): 5293–5309. doi:10.1021/pr500880b. PMC 4261935. PMID 25337643.
  3. Thompson, Andrew; Schäfer, Jürgen; Kuhn, Karsten; Kienle, Stefan; Schwarz, Josef; Schmidt, Günter; Neumann, Thomas; Hamon, Christian (2003). "Tandem Mass Tags: A Novel Quantification Strategy for Comparative Analysis of Complex Protein Mixtures by MS/MS". Analytical Chemistry. 75 (8): 1895–1904. doi:10.1021/ac0262560. ISSN 0003-2700. PMID 12713048.
  4. Lee, Kelvin H.; Choe, Leila H.; Aggarwal, Kunal (2006-06-01). "Shotgun proteomics using the iTRAQ isobaric tags". Briefings in Functional Genomics. 5 (2): 112–120. doi:10.1093/bfgp/ell018. ISSN 2041-2649. PMID 16772272.
  5. Dayon L, Hainard A, Licker V, Turck N, Kuhn K, Hochstrasser DF, Burkhard PR, Sanchez JC (2008). "Relative quantification of proteins in human cerebrospinal fluids by MS/MS using 6-plex isobaric tags". Anal. Chem. 80 (8): 2921–31. doi:10.1021/ac702422x. PMID 18312001.
  6. Choe L, D'Ascenzo M, Relkin NR, Pappin D, Ross P, Williamson B, Guertin S, Pribil P, Lee KH (2007). "8-plex quantitation of changes in cerebrospinal fluid protein expression in subjects undergoing intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for Alzheimer's disease". Proteomics. 7 (20): 3651–60. doi:10.1002/pmic.200700316. PMC 3594777. PMID 17880003.
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