James Swan (financier)

James Swan (1754 – 31 July 1830) was a colorful personality based in Boston in the 18th and 19th centuries. He was a member of the Sons of Liberty and participated in the Boston Tea Party. Swan was twice wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill, he next became secretary of the Massachusetts Board of War and the legislature. During the time he held that office, he drew heavily on his private funds to aid the Continental Army, which was then in dire need of funds to arm and equip the soldiers who were arriving in Boston from all parts of New England. After the American Revolution Swan privately assumed the entire United States French debts at a slightly higher interest rate. Swan then resold these debts at a profit on domestic U.S. markets. The United States no longer owed money to foreign governments, although it continued to owe money to private investors both in the United States and in Europe. This allowed the young United States to place itself on a sound financial footing. On principles of loyalty, he spent 22 years—more than a quarter of his life—in the Paris Sainte-Pélagie Prison.[1][2]

Portrait of James Swan by Gilbert Stuart, 1795. Part of the Swan Collection, bequest of great-granddaughter Miss Elizabeth Howard Bartol (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston)

Biography

Boston, 1765–1787

Swan emigrated from Fife, Scotland to Massachusetts in 1765. He worked at Thaxter & Son in Boston, as an apprentice where he became friends with Benjamin Thompson, later knighted Count Rumford to the King of Bavaria, and Henry Knox, a lifelong friend later a general in the Continental Army. He was a member of the Sons of Liberty, participated in the Boston Tea Party,[3][4] and served in the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775. Friends and associates included Perez Morton, John Adams, Samuel Adams, Paul Revere, John Hancock, Joseph Warren, James Otis, Jr., George Washington, James Monroe, Paul Dudley Sargent, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, Henry Jackson, James Sullivan, Charles Bulfinch, and Thomas Jefferson, The Library of Congress has several items by James Swan including those in Thomas Jefferson's collection.

Tremont Street in 1798 (shows the vicinity of West Street and Haymarket Theatre, looking south)[5]

In 1776 he married Hepzibah Clarke; they had four children: Hepzibah (Hepsy), born c. 1777; Christiana (Kitty), born c. 1778; Sarah (Sally), born c. 1782; James Keadie, born c. 1783. Around this time Swan resided in the vicinity of Tremont Street in the former house of Stephen Greenleaf.[6] "On the site of Temple Place a colonial house surrounded by a brick wall and a grove of trees was built in 1684, and here dwelt General James Swan. The house ... staged many a thrilling scene during the struggle for independence. The Swan estate comprised over an acre, extending from St. Paul's Church to and along West Street." (The estate became Washington Gardens after 1815).[7]

Notice from Swan about property for sale in the Boston area (Contintental Journal, 1785)

He held several posts in the Massachusetts government, c. 1777–1778, including the Massachusetts Board of War and the legislature.[8] He belonged to the Scots Charitable Society of Boston. Swan was active in privateer enterprises during the Revolution. He bonded or owned numerous vessels with his Boston associates such as Mungo Mackay, Elias Parkman, Paul Dudley Sargent, Thomas Adams.[9] In 1786 Swan purchased islands on the Maine coast, including Swan Island.

France, 1787–1830

After various ventures in finance and real estate, and years of living in high style, in 1787 or 1788 the indebted Swan moved to France. En route, he stayed at Mt. Vernon as a guest of George Washington. In France his social circle included Lafayette. Swan was successful in his business activities related to the millions of dollars owed by the United States to France. While in France, Swan acquired furniture, now held in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Swan returned to the U.S. in 1794 or 1795. He travelled to Philadelphia and while there posed for portraitist Gilbert Stuart; the finished painting is now in the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Around 1796 he built a summer home in Dorchester, possibly designed by Charles Bulfinch.

He again went to France in 1798. He was imprisoned in Paris for debt in 1808, and released c. 1830. He died in Paris in 1830.[10]

Writings
  • A dissuasion to Great-Britain and the colonies, from the slave trade to Africa (1773)
  • National arithmetick or, Observations on the finances of the commonwealth of Massachusetts: with some hints respecting financiering and future taxation in this state: tending to render the publick contributions more easy to the people (1786)
  • Causes qui se sont opposeés aux progrès du commerce entre la France, et les États-Unis de l'Amérique (1790)
  • An Address to the President, Senate and House of Representatives, of the United States, on The means of Creating a National Paper by Loan Offices, which shall replace that of the discredited Banks, and supercede [sic] the use of Gold and Silver Coin (1819)[11]

References
  1. Small, Herman Wesley (1898). "A History of Swan's Island, Maine". Internet Archive. Ellsworth, Maine: Hancock County Publishing Co. p. 52. OCLC 1020004.
  2. Hopkins, Tighe (1897). "The Dungeons of Old Paris: Being the Story and Romance of the Most Celebrated Prisons of the Monarchy and the Revolution". Internet Archive. G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 148–151. OCLC 371224.
  3. "Special Meeting, 1873: Tea-Party Anniversary," in: Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Vol. 13, (1873–1875), pp. 151–216.
  4. Old South Meeting House website.
  5. Simons. Boston beheld: antique town and country views. UPNE, 2008
  6. Samuel Adams Drake. Old landmarks and historic personages of Boston. ames R. Osgood and Co., 1873; p.313.
  7. One hundred years of savings bank service: a brief account of the origin, growth and present condition of the Provident Institution for Savings in the Town of Boston. Boston: The Institution, 1916; p.9
  8. Who was who in America. 1963.
  9. Allen, Gardner Weld. Massachusetts Privateers of the Revolution. Boston. The Massachusetts Historical Society.1927
  10. Dictionary of American Biography
  11. Swan, James (1819). "An Address to the President, Senate, and House of Representatives of the United States, on the Means of Creating a National Paper by Loan Offices which Shall Replace that of the Discredited Banks, and Supercede the Use of Gold and Silver Coin".

Further reading
  • Howard C. Rice. James Swan: Agent of the French Republic 1794–1796. The New England Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 3 (Sep., 1937), pp. 464–486.
  • Howard C. Rice. Notes on the "Swan Furniture." Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts, Vol. 38, No. 227 (Jun., 1940), pp. 43–48.
  • Eleanor Pearson DeLorme. The Swan Commissions: Four Portraits by Gilbert Stuart. Winterthur Portfolio, Vol. 14, No. 4 (Winter, 1979), pp. 361–395.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.