John D. Arnold

After college, he began his career at Enron as an oil analyst, but soon was promoted to assistant trader.[10] In 1996, a year after starting at Enron,[10] he moved to oversee the trading of natural gas derivatives at the Natural Gas Desk upon the departure of Jeff Bussan.[11] Using their new Internet-based trading network, EnronOnline, [12] he is credited with making three quarters of a billion dollars for Enron in 2001 and was rewarded with the largest bonus in Enron history, some $8 million.[10][13] His former colleagues dubbed him "king of natural gas."[14][15] When Enron collapsed, he was not accused of any wrongdoing.[16]

He then founded Centaurus, a hedge fund, with his previous year's bonus in 2002. He was widely quoted for his viewpoints on the industry by a government commission.[17]

During the collapse of Amaranth Advisors, Centaurus is widely credited as being one of the major players on the other side of their position, returning as much as 150% in 2005.[18] August 2008, Centaurus acquired around 10% of the shares of National Coal Corporation (NCOC).[19][20]

In 2009, Arnold gave a public speech to the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), in which he opposed limits on financially settled trading positions but supported limits in the physical energy futures as they near expiration.[21][22] Arnold announced his retirement from running the hedge fund on May 2, 2012.[4][5][6][7][8]

Arnold started donating to the Knowledge Is Power Program (KIPP) in 2004 with a gift of $30,000 which was then based in Houston, and two years later he and his wife pledged $10 million to help KIPP expand to other cities.[24] Other multi-million gifts followed to other education programs, for example to Washington, D.C. city schools for merit pay, to Teach for America, and to StudentsFirst.[24] Arnold has also given to The City Fund, an organization focused on growing the number of charter schools in the USA, and its political arm, Public School Allies. [25]

The Laura and John Arnold Foundation was a private foundation founded by Arnold and his wife Laura.[26][9] The organization was founded in 2010.[27] In 2008, the Arnolds were original signatories of the Giving Pledge,[28] a pledge by some high-net-worth individuals to donate the majority of their income to philanthropic causes during their lifetimes.[29] From 2010-2013, the Arnold were heavily involved in the Innocence Project which led to their interest in criminal reform.[30] The Foundation is focused on evidence-backed giving for systematic change.[31][32]

In October 2018, it was reported that Arnold had spent more than $100 million in health-care related grants since 2014, with a particular focus on reducing pharmaceutical drug costs.[33] Arnold also has been an influential supporter of Democrats’ efforts to pass a drug-price reform bill.[34]

The foundation has invested more than $1 billion, ostensibly in the areas of pension reform, pretrial and criminal justice reform, prescription drug price reform, the quality of academic research, combating predatory higher education practices, the evaluation of social programs, school system governance reform, and electoral reform.

During the United States federal government shutdown of 2013, the Arnolds announced that they would be donating $10 million in emergency funds to the Head Start program so that some 7,000 kids from low-income families could continue to receive educational services.[35][36]

In 2019, the organization was transformed into a limited-liability company composed of the former foundation, a donor-advised fund, and the Action Now Initiative advocacy organization, effectively combining philanthropy, research, policy, and advocacy efforts.[31] The new entity is known as Arnold Ventures LLC with the charter "to remove barriers between data and decisive action, working swiftly across the policy-change spectrum."[37]

In 2019, Arnold spoke out against donor-advised funds (DAF), criticizing them for delaying charitable giving and promoting giving to institutions that are less likely to need the money.[38] He proposed that foundations and DAFs should spend at least 7% annually, which would result in billions of dollars more being given to charities,[31] and that DAFs should be legally held to an annual minimum distribution.[39]

In 2020, Arnold was one of ten billionaires who had given away at least 20% of their wealth.[40]

Arnold Ventures LLC has invited criticism with its involvement in many controversial areas. They are on record as agreeing with some of the critiques and focus on partnering with organizations to maximize their impact without undue influence.[31] The former foundation was sued over a pre-trial web tool by the family of a victim who was murdered, but the District Court and a U.S. Appellate Court dismissed the complaint.[41][42]

Arnold Ventures' 2020 grant to trial aerial surveillance hardware by the Baltimore Police Department was subject to legal challenges but in November 2020, a federal appeals court ruled that the program was constitutional and did not invade the rights and privacy of city residents.[43]

John Arnold and his brother Matthew[44] tore down historical homes in the River Oaks neighborhood of Houston which led to criticism by architectural conservationists.[45]

Arnold was raised in Dallas, Texas, and he was the younger of two sons. His mother later would work as an accountant at Centaurus.[4][10] His father was a lawyer and died when Arnold was 18.[4][10] At 14, he started his first company selling collectible sports cards called Blue Chip Cards.[9]

A 1995 graduate of Vanderbilt University, he completed a degree in mathematics and economics in three years.[10] He is a member of Lambda Chi Alpha.[46]

Arnold is married to Laura Elena (Muñoz) Arnold. She is co-founder of Arnold Ventures LLC. She is a graduate of Harvard College, Yale Law School, and has a Master of Philosophy degree in European Studies from the University of Cambridge.[47] She was formerly a mergers-and acquisitions attorney in Houston, Texas and an oil company executive. Laura Arnold has served on the boards of the Innocence Project [48]and the REFORM alliance.[49] They have three children.[50]

• Arnold Ventures Website