John Vardill

John Vardill was born in New York City, the son of a ship's captain.[1] He studied at King's College (Columbia University) New York City starting in 1762 at age 13, first under the President Dr. Samuel Johnson, then President Myles Cooper. He tutored other students in moral philosophy and natural law, and assisted Dr. Samuel Clossy in anatomical lectures.[2] He graduated with a B.A. in 1766, and received an M.A. in 1769.

At age 19, beginning in January 1769, he wrote a series of anti-Presbyterian anti-Whig articles in the newspaper the Whip.[3] In 1772, he co-authored with President Cooper a pamphlet in response to an attack on King's college by John Witherspoon, President of the College of New Jersey. He authored a series of pro-British political broadsides in 1773 supporting the Tea tax under the pseudonym Poplicola, one of which went to four imprints.[4] He was appointed professor of natural philosophy and moral philosophy at King's the next year. He was also appointed assistant Minister and Lecturer at Trinity Church, New York City.

In early 1774, before actually acting in these new roles of professor or minister, he journeyed to London to take Anglican orders.[5] Though he didn't know it at the time, he would be "one of the earliest exiles of the American Revolutionary War "[6] which started that year. He received a M.A. from Oxford on June 28,[7] and was appointed by the King a Royal or Regius Professor "for the purpose of defending the Christian, & maintaining the grand Principles of Natural, Religion, by annual Lectures on those Subjects", and was granted 200 pounds a year to sustain him in England.[8] He advocated while in London for the appointment of n Bishop for America, and for a revised charter for King's College, supporting his former mentor President Cooper.

Beginning in 1774, still in London as the war had begun, he wrote a series of newspaper columns signed with the pseudonym Coriolanus in support of Lord North's ministry. Vardill "had a rare accessibility to the offices of the powerful" in England, and may have been more important than the Governor of New York" in influence.[9] He lived on Downing Street and was consulted in 1778 by the Carlisle Peace Commissions.[10] He later told a Loyalist commission that, "He devoted his time, from 1775 to 1781, to the service of [the] Government" which paid him 200 pounds a year since he could not return home.[11]

Sometime in 1776, Vardill was recruited by English spymaster William Eden (later Lord Auckland) and became "one of the under-secretary's three most important Agents".[12] "Vardill's activities were centered" on Americans in England, "where he kept alert to opportunities for obtaining information or recruiting new agents."[13] Vardill recruited an American named Van Zant, "who had considerable influence with Dr. Franklin."[14] He recruited a Mrs. Jamp, proprietor of a bordello in Dover, and through her recruited an American sea captain name Hyson, who was on a mission from the American Commissioners in Paris, and bragged about it. Vardill thus was able to intercept important dispatches from Paris, and use the information to capture "many Vessels bound to America".[15] Commissioner Silas Dean trusted Hyson, and so the complete correspondence between the American Commissioners and the French Court were put into the hands of the British. He also turned a Captain Deveraux, who revealed letters to American contacts in Europe. He recruited with the mistress of British-American double agent Dr. Edward Bancroft, who was Benjamin Franklin's personal secretary while Franklin was in France. Bancroft was suspected by both sides of working for the other, and Vardill provided evidence confirming Bancroft's loyalties. Vardill proved a brilliant and persuasive spy, turning agent after agent to the Loyalist British side, but his successes were in the end counter-productive[16] and he could not prevent the Americans signing a treaty with France.

In 1780, in a series of articles called "The Alarms", and in a pamphlet titled An Address to the Inhabitants of London and Westminister Containing Reflections on the present State of Public Affairs, he attacked Christopher Wyvill's Yorkshire Association Movement, an early attempt to reform the British government, much in the same way he had attacked the opposition to the Tea tax in New York City in 1773. For services rendered, he received 500 pounds from the North Government.[17]

With the turning of the war in America's favor, at Yorktown in 1781, Vardill realized his exile would be permanent, and that his services would not longer been needed by the government. He applied to the Loyalist claims commission in 1783 for compensation, and for his promised professorship. He claimed a loss of 1,100 pounds per year for nine years as professor at King's College and as Assistant Minister of Trinity Church New York City,[18] though he had actually never started working at either job. As a perceived agent of the now disgraced North Administration, his claim to the promised Regius Professorship was rejected outright in 1784 by Commissioner Col. Thomas Dundas. He received only 500 pounds total compensation in 1785 for his nine years of lost salary in America. The British Government system he had so strongly and repeatedly defended in print and in espionage against his native land essentially turned its back on its most vigorous and earliest American supporter; Vardill left the commission meeting "in turmoil" with a feeling of "keen injustice", and that "after sacrificing all, he was to be granted neither the honor of the country's recognition of his commitment to her cause, nor the financial compensation simple justice demanded."[19]

He wrote no more political pamphlets, and abandoned London and the exciting life of a spy for rural domesticity as a country parson. Though a brilliant spy in many ways, he played no part in the events of the Napoleonic Wars. He is reported to have been in Ireland in 1785 and 1786.[20] He received the living of Skirbeck and Fishtof in Lincolnshire in 1791, remaining there until his death in 1811.[21]

He was a published poet: The Spirit of Toussaint A Fragment appeared three after his death in the European Magazine for July 1814.[22] He wrote at least one play, titled The Unknown, which was performed in 1819, eight years after his death, at the Surrey Theater.[23]