John of Giscala

John of Giscala or Gischala (Ancient Greek: Ἰωάννης υἱὸς Ληΐου ἀπὸ Γισχάλων, Hebrew: יוחנן מגוש חלב‎ Yohanan mi-Gush Halav or Yohanan ben Levi), the son of Levi, (birth date unknown; death date after 70), was a leader of the Jewish revolt against the Romans in the First Jewish-Roman War.

John of Giscala
Born
Yohanan me-Gush Halav
Known forParticipation in the Jewish Revolt
Political partyZealots
Opponent(s)Ananus, Simon Bar Giora, Eleazar ben Simon, Titus

History

During the Jewish war with Rome, John vied with Josephus (Joseph Mattithiah) over the control of Galilee and amassed a large band of supporters from Gischala (Gush Halav) and Gabara,[1] including the support of the Sanhedrin in Jerusalem.[2]

As part of the Roman campaign to put down the revolt in Judea, Titus marched on Gush Halav, called Giscala by the Romans. Giscala was the last town in Galilee not yet conquered. Outside the walls of the city, he called on them to surrender. John prevailed upon Titus not to enter the city that day, as it was Sabbath, "not so much out of regard to the seventh day as to his own preservation." John fled to Jerusalem that night, and "Titus was greatly displeased that he had not been able to bring this John, who had deluded him, to punishment."[3]

When John entered Jerusalem, it was in an uproar, and the people clamoured for news.

John...went about among all the people, and persuaded them to go to war, by the hopes he gave them. He affirmed that the affairs of the Romans were in a weak condition, and extolled his own power. He also jested upon the ignorance of the unskillful, as if those Romans, although they should take to themselves wings, could never fly over the wall of Jerusalem, who found such great difficulties in taking the villages of Galilee, and had broken their engines of war against their walls. These harangues of John's corrupted a great part of the young men, and puffed them up for the war.[3]

Soon after his arrival in Jerusalem, he played an instrumental part in the outcome of the Zealot Temple Siege, handing the city over to control of the Zealots. He attempted to set himself up as ruler of Jerusalem but was challenged in April 69 by Simon Bar Giora. They were both in turn challenged by a third faction led by Eleazar ben Simon. John and the Zealots fought in the civil war with these two factions [4] until he was finally captured by Titus during the Siege of Jerusalem. He was sentenced to life imprisonment, taken to Rome and paraded through the streets in chains.[5][6]

Legacy

He was the subject of the Italian drama Giovanni di Giscala (1754) by Alfonso Varano. The work inspired the Italian opera Giovanni di Giscala (1855) by Giovanni Gaetano Rossi and Alfonso Cavagnar.[7]

References
  1. a large village in Galilee during the 1st century CE., located to the north of Nazareth. In antiquity, the town was called Garaba, but in Josephus' historical works of antiquity, the town is mentioned by its Greek corruption, Gabara (see: J. Klausner, Qobetz, Journal of the Jewish Palestinian Exploration Society, 3 [1934], pp. 261–263 [Hebrew]; Uriel Rappaport, John of Gischala, from the mountains of Galilee to the walls of Jerusalem, 2013, p. 44 [note 2]; Ze'ev Safrai, The Galilee in the time of the Mishna and Talmud, 2nd edition, Jerusalem 1985, pp. 59–62 [Hebrew]).
  2. Josephus, The Life of Flavius Josephus, (abbreviated Life or Vita), § 25; § 38; Josephus. "The Life of Josephus". doi:10.4159/DLCL.josephus-life.1926. Retrieved 31 May 2016.  – via digital Loeb Classical Library (subscription required)
  3. Josephus. "Book IV". The Jewish War.
  4. Josephus. "Book V". The Jewish War.
  5. Josephus. "Book VII". The Jewish War.
  6. The Other Side of the Coin
  7. Gabriele Boccaccini, Portraits of Middle Judaism in Scholarship and Arts (Turin: Zamorani, 1992)
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