Jonathan Mayhew
Jonathan Mayhew (October 8, 1720 – July 9, 1766) was a noted American Congregational minister at Old West Church, Boston, Massachusetts.
Jonathan Mayhew | |
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Born | |
Died | July 9, 1766 45) | (aged
Nationality | American |
Education | Harvard College |
Years active | 1747-1766 |
Parent(s) | Experience Mayhew Thankful Hinckley, daughter of Thomas Hinckley |
Church | Old West Church, Boston, Massachusetts |
Writings | Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission |
Signature | |
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Early life
Mayhew was born at Martha's Vineyard, being fifth in descent from Thomas Mayhew (1592–1682), an early settler and the grantee (1641) of Martha's Vineyard and adjacent islands. Thomas Mayhew, Jr. (1622–1657), his son John (d. 1689) and John's son, Experience Mayhew (1673–1758), were active missionaries among the Indians of Marthas Vineyard and the vicinity.
Mayhew graduated from Harvard College in 1744 and in 1749 received the degree of D.D. from the University of Aberdeen. So liberal were his theological views that when he was to be ordained minister of the West Church in Boston in 1747, only two ministers attended the first council called for the ordination, and it was necessary to summon a second council. Mayhew's preaching made his church practically the first Unitarian Congregational church in New England, though it was never officially Unitarian. He preached the strict unity of God, the subordinate nature of Christ, and salvation by character.
Political views
In politics, Mayhew bitterly opposed the Stamp Act, and urged the necessity of colonial union (or communion) to secure colonial liberties. He was famous, in part, for his 1750 and 1754 election sermons espousing American rights — the cause of liberty and the right and duty to resist tyranny; other famous sermons included "The Snare Broken," 1766. His sermons and writings were a powerful influence in the development of the movement for liberty and independence.
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The extent of his political feeling can be seen in his Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission (complete text), a sermon delivered on the 100th anniversary of the execution of Charles I (January 30, 1649/50). Taking vigorous issue with recent efforts to portray Charles as a martyred monarch, Mayhew began with observations on the antiquity of English liberties. The English constitution, he asserted, “is originally and essentially free.” Roman sources, such as the reliable Tacitus, made it clear that “the ancient Britons … were extremely jealous of their liberties.” England’s monarchs originally held their throne “solely by grant of parliament,” so the ancient English kings ruled “by the voluntary consent of the people.” After forty pages of such historical discourse, Mayhew reached his major point: the essential rightness of the execution of an English king when he too greatly infringed upon British liberties.
The vigor of Mayhew’s sermon established his reputation. It was published not only in Boston, but also in London in 1752 and again in 1767. In Boston, John Adams remembered long afterward that Mayhew’s sermon, “was read by everybody.” Some would say later that this sermon was the first volley of the American Revolution, setting forth the intellectual and scriptural justification for rebellion against the Crown.
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In 1763 he turned his attention to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, a branch of the Church of England established "to send priests and schoolteachers to America to help provide the Church's ministry to the colonists". His Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts was published in Boston and London and raised considerable opposition in England and America; Thomas Secker, then archbishop of Canterbury, wrote an Answer the following year.
In 1765, with the provocation of the Stamp Act fresh, Mayhew delivered another rousing sermon on the virtues of liberty and the iniquity of tyranny. The essence of slavery, he announced, consists in subjection to others—“whether many, few, or but one, it matters not.” The day after his sermon, a Boston mob attacked Chief Justice Thomas Hutchinson’s house, and many thought Mayhew was responsible.
Mayhew was Dudleian lecturer at Harvard in 1765. He died July 1766.
A quarter century after his death, the following lines were delivered at the Harvard commencement address of 1792:
While Britain claim'd by laws our rights to lead,
And faith was fetter'd by a bigot's creed.
Then mental freedom first her power display'd
and call'd a MAYHEW to religion's aid.
For this great truth, he boldly led the van,
That private judgment was the right of man.[1]
References
- Alden Bradford (1838). Memoir of the Life and Writings of Rev. Jonathan Mayhew, D.D.: Pastor of the West Church and Society in Boston, from June, 1747, to July, 1766. Boston: C.C. Little & Co. ISBN 9780524069820.
Bibliography
- Jonathan Mayhew (1749). Seven Sermons. Boston: Rogers and Fowle in Queen-Street.
- Jonathan Mayhew (1750). A Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-resistance to the Higher Powers: With Some Reflections on the Resistance Made to King Charles I, and on the Anniversary of His Death. Boston: D. Fowle in Queen-Street; and by D. Gookin over against the South meeting-house.
- Jonathan Mayhew (1754). A Sermon Preach'd in the Audience of His Excellency William Shirley. Boston printed: London, reprinted for G. Woodfall.
- Jonathan Mayhew (1759). Two Discourses Delivered October 25th. 1759: Being the Day Appointed by Authority to be Observed as a Day of Public Thanksgiving, for the Success of His Majesty's Arms, More Particularly in the Reduction of Quebec, the Capital of Canada. With an Appendix, Containing a Brief Account of Two Former Expeditions Against that City and Country, which Proved Unsuccessful. By Jonathan Mayhew, D.D. Pastor of the West Church in Boston. Richard Draper, in Newbury-Street; Edes & Gill, in Queen-Street; and Thomas & John Fleet, in Cornhill.
- Jonathan Mayhew (1763). Christian Sobriety: Being Eight Sermons on Titus II.6. Boston: R. & S. Draper.
- Jonathan Mayhew (1763). Sermons on the Nature, Extent and Perfection of the Divine Goodness. Boston, N. E.: C & J Kneeland.
- Jonathan Mayhew (1763). Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts: Designed to Shew Their Non-conformity to Each Other. Boston, in New-England, printed: London, reprinted for W. Nicoll.
- Jonathan Mayhew (1764). A Defence of the Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts: Against an Anonymous Pamphlet Falsly Intitled, A Candid Examination of Dr. Mayhew's Observations. Boston printed: London reprinted for W. Nicoll.
- Jonathan Mayhew (1766). The Snare Broken; a Thanksgiving Discourse [on Ps. Cxxiv. 7, 8] Preached in Boston, N.E., May 23, 1766: Occasioned by the Repeal of the Stamp-Act. Boston, N. E. ISBN 9780608411958.
- Frank Moore (1862). The Patriot Preachers of the American Revolution: With Biographical Sketches. New York: C.T. Evans.
- Chris Beneke, "The Critical Turn: Jonathan Mayhew, the British Empire, and the Idea of Resistance in Mid-Eightennth-Century Boston." Massachusetts Historical Review, Vol. 10 (2008): pp. 23-56.
- Howard L. Lubert, "Jonathan Mayhew: Conservative Revolutionary." History of Political Thought 32 (Winter 2011): 589-616.
- Patrick Mullins. Father of Liberty: Jonathan Mayhew and the Principles of the American Revolution (2017)
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jonathan Mayhew. |
- A brief bio
- "Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-Resistance to the Higher Powers"
- "Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-Resistance to the Higher Powers" (complete text)
- Works by or about Jonathan Mayhew in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Boston University. Mayhew Papers (1648–1774)
- Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-resistance to the Higher Powers From the American Imprint Collection at the Library of Congress