Joseph Plateau

Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau (14 October 1801 – 15 September 1883) was a Belgian physicist and mathematician. He was one of the first people to demonstrate the illusion of a moving image.[2] To do this, he used counterrotating disks with repeating drawn images in small increments of motion on one and regularly spaced slits in the other. He called this device of 1832 the phenakistiscope.

Joseph Plateau
Plateau in 1843
Born(1801-10-14)14 October 1801
Brussels, French Republic
Died15 September 1883(1883-09-15) (aged 81)
Ghent,[1] Belgium
NationalityBelgian
Alma materUniversity of Liège
Known forPhysics of soap bubbles (Plateau's laws), Plateau's problem
Scientific career
InstitutionsGhent University
Doctoral advisorAdolphe Quetelet

Biography

Plateau was born in Brussels.[3] His father, Antoine Plateau (fr) born in Tournai, was a talented flower painter.[4] At the age of six, the younger Plateau already could read, making him a child prodigy in those times. While attending primary school, he was particularly impressed by a lesson of physics; enchanted by the experiments he observed, he vowed to discover their secrets someday.[3] Plateau spent his school holidays in Marche-Les-Dames, with his uncle and his family; his cousin and playfellow was Auguste Payen, who later became an architect and the principal designer of the Belgian railways.[3] At the age of fourteen, he lost his father and mother; the trauma caused by this loss made him fall ill.[5]

On 27 August 1840, Plateau married Augustine–Thérèse–Aimée–Fanny Clavareau,[6] and they had a son a year later.[7] His daughter Alice Plateau married Gustave Van der Mensbrugghe in 1871, who became his collaborator and later his first biographer.[8]

Fascinated by the persistence of luminous impressions on the retina, Plateau performed an experiment in which he gazed directly into the sun for 25 seconds. He lost his eyesight later in his life and attributed the loss to this experiment. However, this may not have been the case, and he may have instead suffered from chronic uveitis.[9]

Plateau became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1872.[10]

Plateau died in Ghent in 1883.

Academic career

Plateau studied at the University of Liège, where he graduated as a doctor of physical and mathematical sciences in 1829.[11]

In 1827, Plateau became a teacher of mathematics at the "Atheneum" school in Brussels.[11] In 1835, he was appointed Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Ghent University.[12]

Research
Plateau's phenakistiscope
Plateau's animated snakes (phenakistiscope)

Optics

In 1829, Plateau submitted his doctoral thesis to his mentor Adolphe Quetelet for advice. It contained only 27 pages but formulated a great number of fundamental conclusions. It contained the first results of his research into the effect of colours on the retina (duration, intensity, and colour), his mathematical research into the intersections of revolving curves (locus), the observation of the distortion of moving images, and the reconstruction of distorted images through counter revolving discs (he dubbed these anorthoscopic discs).[13] In 1832, Plateau invented an early stroboscopic device, the "phenakistiscope", the first device to give the illusion of a moving image. It consisted of two disks, one with small equidistant radial windows, through which the viewer could look, and another containing a sequence of images. When the two disks rotated at the correct speed, the synchronization of the windows and the images created an animated effect. The projection of stroboscopic photographs, creating the illusion of motion, eventually led to the development of cinema.[14]

Plateau's problem

Plateau also studied the phenomena of capillary action and surface tension.[15] The mathematical problem of existence of a minimal surface with a given boundary is named after him. He conducted extensive studies of soap films and formulated Plateau's laws, which describe the structures formed by such films in foams.

On 14 October 2019, the search engine Google commemorated Plateau with a Doodle on his 218th birth anniversary. This doodle was created by animator, filmmaker, and Doodler Olivia Huynh with inspiration and help from Diana Tran and Tom Tabanao. It is the first Google Doodle with different artwork showing up across different device displays—desktop, mobile, and the Google App.[16]

See also

References
  1. (Van der Mensbrugghe 1885, p. 389): in this reference, written by his son in Law, Ghent is written Gand, which is its French name.
  2. "Goethe's Theory of Colours". theoryofcolor.org. Note to Paragraph 23
  3. (Van der Mensbrugghe 1885, p. 390)
  4. (Van der Mensbrugghe 1885, p. 390): this ample biographical paper is used in this section as the main reference.
  5. (Van der Mensbrugghe 1885, p. 391)
  6. Commonly referred as Fanny Clavareau: see the Museum for the History of Sciences (2001), web site section "Plateau's blindness".
  7. (Van der Mensbrugghe 1885, p. 400)
  8. (Verschaffelt 1946, p. 30)
  9. (De Laey 2002, pp. 915–920)
  10. "Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau (1801–1883)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  11. (Van der Mensbrugghe 1885, p. 396)
  12. Wautier, Kristel; et al. (2012). "The Life and Work of Joseph Plateau: Father of Film and Discoverer of Surface Tension". Physics in Perspective. 14 (3): 258. Bibcode:2012PhP....14..258W. doi:10.1007/s00016-012-0087-8. ISSN 1422-6944. OCLC 5659011683. S2CID 123139853.
  13. See the Museum for the History of Sciences (2001), web site section "Anorthoscope".
  14. See the Museum for the History of Sciences (2001), web site section "Phenakistiscope".
  15. Plateau, J. (1873). Statique expérimentale et théorique des liquides soumis aux seules forces moléculaires [Experimental and theoretical statics of liquids subject to only molecular forces] (in French). Paris, France: Gauthier-Villars. OCLC 809459725. vol. 1 and vol. 2.
  16. "Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau's 218th Birthday". Google. 14 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.

Biographical references

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