Juan Luis Vives

Some see Vives altering classical rhetoric to express his own sort of pro-virginity half-feminism - which remains of interest to historians of gender.[11][12] Among 16th century Spain's numerous "treatises for and against women," some see Vives "steer[ing] a middle path" (p. xxiv-xxv), neither misogynist nor sanctifying.[13]

Others see him as prescribing quite patriarchal and misogynistic views.

He stated that women should not be educators:

"For Adam was created first, then Eve, and Adam was not seduced but the woman was seduced and led astray. Therefore, since woman is a weak creature and of uncertain judgment and is easily deceived (as Eve, the first parent of mankind, demonstrated, whom the devil deluded with such a slight pretext), she should not teach, lest when she has convinced herself of some false opinion, she transmit it to her listeners in her role as a teacher and easily drag others into her error, since pupils willingly follow their teacher."[14]

His De institutione feminae christianae, published in 1523, was commissioned by Catherine of Aragon, Catholic Queen consort of Henry VIII of England, for her daughter, Mary to instruct her on the proper roles for her sex. It forbids the very role Queen regnant Elizabeth I would later fulfill with the support of England and its navy in defeating the Armada of Catholic Spain, originating from the country of the Catholic Monarchs, Catherine of Aragon's parents and leaders of the Spanish Inquisition that executed Vives' relatives:

"An unmarried young woman should rarely appear in public . . . who can have respect for a man who he sees is ruled by a woman?""[15]

The book describes a longer list of attributes for a married woman. She must be loyal, dedicated, and obedient to her spouse; she must dress appropriately, covering her face in public; she must not allow any man into her house without her husband's permission. While a wife's obedience and dedication to her spouse determined her honor, a husband's honor stemmed from his ability to control his wife and ensure she remained virtuous.

Vives's text for husbands, De los deberes del marido, fills less than half the pages of his advice book for women and focuses substantially on selecting and governing a good wife rather than detailing how a husband should behave in his own right.[15]

Vives expressed an interest in the soul. He believed that understanding how the soul functions is more valuable than understanding the soul itself. "He was not concerned with what the soul is, but rather what the soul was like".[16] Norena explains that Vives thought that the soul had certain characteristics. He believed that the best part of the soul is its ability to "…understand, remember, reason, and judge." [17] Vives touched on the mind in terms of his explanations of the soul—he claims that one cannot simply define what the soul is, but by piecing together parts of it, a better concept of how the soul works can be achieved. He compared the soul to art with an analogy by stating: "How we perceive a painted picture is more telling than declaring what the picture is itself".[16] Vives rejected the deterministic view of human behavior, and said instead that our soul can "modify our behavior in ethically and socially."[18] He also suggested that the way we feel day to day affects whether our soul is attaining good or evil.[19]

Vives is acknowledged for integrating psychology and medicine. "His ideas were new and they paved the way for other contributions that have greatly impacted our society today in terms of how we view the impact of medicine on humans".[20] He expressed the importance of animal testing before doing so on to people -–"Although Vives did not perform actual medical procedures, his suggestions were among the first of his time." [20] Vives had hopes that his ideas would influence the public. "With time, some may argue that a sort of social reform was created largely due to Vives' ideas on medicine".[20] Clements described Vives' contributions as being "original," yet many would classify him as being very underrated in terms of his accomplishments and ideas.[20] Vives also made important early observations on the health of the human body-—he urged that "Personal habits of cleanliness and temperance greatly impacted health".[21] He claimed that the cleanliness of the body impacts the welfare of the body and the mind.[22] He touched on how to medicate the mentally unstable by saying that mocking, exciting, and irritating those individuals who are mentally ill does not contribute to their treatment.[21] Vives said that "Using the mentally ill as a form of entertainment is one of the most inhumane practices he had ever encountered".[21] His belief was that some individuals who are mentally ill should be provided medication, but others just need friendly treatment.[23]

Bust of Juan Luis Vives in Bruges, Belgium

Another psychological contribution from Vives involves his thoughts on emotion. His ideas were largely influenced by the ideologies that came from Galen and Hippocrates in terms of how emotion is related to bile in the body.[20] He agreed with the two with the belief that "different colored biles that humans have reflected different types of emotions".[24] Further, Vives believed that "Certain emotions color bile inside of human bodies and colored bodies likewise influences emotions".[25] According to Norena, Vives followed Galen's recommendations of eating certain types of food for certain types of temperaments.[22] Vives also suggested that almost all of our emotions, even those considered to be negative, are actually beneficial in a lot of ways.[19] He expressed how there is potential to learn and grow from negative emotions as well as positive emotions. His emphasis on animism, or animal spirits, influenced Descartes according to Clements.[25] Vives suggested in his work that the degree in which how strongly a person believes in his or her morals have a great impact on the way they feel about themselves-—"mental strength can influence physical strength".[21] Emotions, according to Vives, can be divided up into "Hot, cold, moist, dry, and varying combinations of the four".[23] Personality disturbances with emotions could be fixed when applying the correct temperature on to the body.[24]

Vives placed emphasis on memory. He defined memory as "…relating to the past, while perception relates to the present".[26] "Memory is something that is retained by either externally or internally perceiving it". [27] He especially emphasized how humans imagine something internally and connect it with an event in order to create a memory. This, according to Vives, makes information retrieval of memory easier.[28] He touched on memories in which we are unaware of, otherwise known as the unconscious.[28] He said information is the "Most accessible from memory when a certain amount of attention is given." According to Murray, Vives showed understanding of the modern-day conception of how humans process retrieval.[28] Vives observed that the more a memory is connected to a strong emotional experience, the easier it can be remembered. In terms of retaining memory, imagination was thought to play a key role, especially in children. [22] He also believed in a theory that pointed towards the fact that memory can be improved with practice. He advised that "One should memorize something every day, even a useless quotation."[29] Vives even touched on childhood memory-—he believed that children learn quickly because their mind is less cluttered with worries that adult minds have. Vives also believed that recall of memory is brought about by a concept in which the soul processes the memory. Vives himself had a recall experience as a child where he ate cherries when he had a fever. When he had cherries again as an adult, he "felt as though he was sick just as he was when he was a child."[30] He found this remarkable and determined that memory can exist unconsciously for a very long time. He also believed that "memory declines every day that the mind is not exercised."[31]

Vives used the word "intelligence" in a way that can be translated to the word "supervisor" as we know its meaning today: intelligence, according to Vives, involves functions directing attention from different kinds of stimulus.[27] Intelligence is very much a cognitive structure according to Vives. When we learn, the memory of the experience is locked in an order of the actual intelligence.[28] Vives' perception on intelligence is that it is only important when it is put to use. Having an intelligent gift is only meaningful when the person is actively exercising it. The exercising of intelligence is important in retaining memory, which creates a better learning experience in general. Vives was among the first to suggest that the health of a student, the personality of the teacher, the classroom environment and the types of authors that the students are required to read from are all very important in how the student learns.[21] "Vives placed special stress upon the proper environment of the school as the first ecological ingredient of the child's sense experience."[32] He compared learning and gaining knowledge to how humans digest food.[21] Feeding the mind with knowledge is the same as feeding the body with food; it is essential to the human being.[33]