Khirbet Beit Lei

Khirbet Beit Lei was first surveyed by R.A.S. Macalister of the Palestine Exploration Fund, who found a rock-cut chapel and burial caves (published 1901).[2]

Between 1972 and 1973, the site was surveyed by Yehuda Dagan.[3] During this survey, no Iron Age remains were found.[4] The survey further revealed that the site had been settled from the Hellenistic period until at least the Mamluk period.[4] A number of hewn subterranean installations, including columbaria, olive presses, water cisterns, quarries, a stable and hideaways are attributed to the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

During the construction of a road in 1961, an ancient burial complex was discovered in the eastern part of the site.[1] An archaeological expedition by the Israel Antiquities Authority led by Joseph Naveh (1928-2011) of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem found two Iron Age II multi-chamber burial caves.[1] One cave consisted of three chambers cut into the chalky limestone.[1] Eight skeletons lay on limestone ledges around the sides of the chambers, untouched since being laid to rest.[1] A ring, a bronze earring and a bronze plaque were also found in the cave, which contained carved drawings and inscriptions.[1] Three of the drawings were of human figures: a man holding what might be a lyre, a man raising his arms, possibly in a prayer gesture, and a man wearing a headdress.[1] Two sailing vessels were sketched on another wall.[1] Two other figures may be an encampment and a tent.[1] The ships lead scholars to believe that the chambers were reused by Israelite refugees fleeing the Chaldaean armies in the sixth century BCE, probably Levites.[1] Ships are a common motif in ancient Near Eastern burial chambers. The other cave had been looted at some point, and analysis revealed that the interred individuals belonged to a group of different origin than the first group.[1]

Inscription A, from the Israel Museum

Seven inscriptions in Hebrew remained in various states of preservation, and there is disagreement about how they should be read. It appears that the words YHWH (Yahweh) and YRSHLM (Jerusalem) feature in the inscriptions, which Joseph Naveh dated to the late 6th century BCE.[1][4]

Of particular interest is one inscription containing a very early appearance in Hebrew of the name ירשלם‎ (Jerusalem).[1] Naveh read it as

יהוה אלהי כל הארץ הרי יהד לו לאלהי ירשלם‎
yhwh ʾlhy kl hʾrṣ hry yhd lw lʾlhy yršlm

which he translated as "Yahweh (is) the God of the whole earth; the mountains of Judah belong to him, to the God of Jerusalem".[1] An older example on papyrus is known from the previous century.[5]

Close up of the word "Jerusalem" on the Khirbet Beit Lei inscription

Frank Moore Cross disagreed with many of Naveh's readings of the letters, instead interpreting the inscription as a poetic rubric in the first person: "I am Yahweh thy God: I will accept the cities of Judah, and will redeem Jerusalem".[6] Cross speculated that it was "the citation of a lost prophecy", perhaps written by a refugee fleeing the 587 BCE destruction of Jerusalem.[6] Naveh later dismissed Cross's reading and stuck to his own version.[7]

Other scholars, including Lemaire and Puech, have proposed additional readings. Patrick D. Miller read it almost the same as Cross did: "[I am] Yahweh your God. I will accept the cities of Judah. I will redeem Jerusalem."[8]

From 1979 to 1983, Yotam Tepper and Y. Shahar the caves at the site.[9]

In 1983 and 1986 Joseph Patrich and Yoram Tsafrir excavated a basilica church at the site, as well as an olive press, a wine press and a burial cave nearby,[10] on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. The church is thought to have been built around the year 500 CE, and to have functioned well into the 8th century. The church complex was thought to be on the outskirts of a village. The mosaic floors of the church reflect iconoclastic activity, and then repair.[11]

The excavations at the site were renewed in 2005 under the direction of the Oren Gutfeld, on behalf of the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, with funding from a Mormon non-profit foundation.[12]