Killing of Alights on the Cloud

Alights on the Cloud received his armor from his father, Medicine Water. Many years before, Medicine Water had bought it from a young Arapaho for a number of horses. This Arapaho had some time earlier exchanged a mule for the armor during a trading expedition to Mexico.[1]^:91

The origin of the armor is unknown. Many small iron scales, the size of a half-dollar, protected the wearer of this seemingly otherwise regular leather shirt against arrows and maybe even bullets. An iron cap with a flap covered the neck.[1]^:91

Medicine Water himself had used the mailed shirt during a large-scale attack on the Kiowa, the Kiowa Apache and the Comanche at Wolf Creek in Oklahoma in 1838.[1]^:74 Alights on the Cloud bore it covered by a scarlet blanket during an open fight with some well-armed Delaware Indians in 1844 and turned the battle into victory.[1]^{:89 and 91}

Map with the 1851 Cheyenne and Arapaho territory, the settlements by the Pawnee and the possible area of the battlefield in 1852.

The Pawnee were in camp somewhere in what is now western Kansas on their summer bison hunt.[3]^:200 A combined force of Cheyennes and invited Kiowa and Kiowa Apaches attacked a large contingent of Pawnee hunters to achieve war honors and capture horses.[1]^:92 Some Arapaho and Lakota friends of the Cheyenne may have joined.[2]^:294

Alights on the Cloud rode in the advanced party of warriors. Protected by his covered armor he charged the Pawnee. According to the Pawnee, he attacked with a sword. The stiffness of the armor prevented him from using other weapons.[4]^:59 The hunters retreated, recklessly followed by Alights on the Cloud. "The Pawnee were unable to explain the fearlessness of this man and talked of it among themselves."[4]^:59

A young Pitahawirata Pawnee, named variously Shield Chief[3]^:200 and Carrying the Shield,[4]^:59 was the keeper of a sacred bundle with an old bow and a red arrow. His father had told him to use them in times of great danger. Armed with the sacred weapons from the bundle he went to the battlefield on foot. The Pawnee fled from the enemies, while Shield Chief advanced. When Alights on the Cloud attacked him, he released the arrow and hit the Cheyenne in the eye.[4]^:59

The Pawnee rushed forward to Alights on the Cloud. They cut up his body and discovered the armor. Consequently, the Pawnees know Alights on the Cloud as Iron Shirt.[4]^:59

During the fight a number of Pawnee were also killed, along with six more Cheyenne and one of the Kiowa Apache.[1]^:92

The Pawnee captured a part of the armored shirt. The Cheyenne secured the remainder and kept it for many years until they hid it in a hole in the ground.[1]^:92

To avenge the killing of Alights on the Cloud and the other warriors, the Cheyenne carried their Sacred Arrows against the Pawnee the next year. The arrows are known as the Mahuts, and they are four and sacred arrows used in ceremonies where political decisions are made. Only six such "moves of the Sacred Arrows" or campaigns of all-out war are recorded in the entire history of the Cheyenne.[5]^:571 They "were defeated with great loss."[5]^:571

The killing of the "arrow-proof" Cheyenne inspired the Pawnee to compose a song:

Now he lies yonder. He who has on a metal shirt. The protection in which he trusted is set aside."[4]^:60

A Kiowa winter count documents the killing of Alights on the Cloud (called Far Up by the Kiowa) during the summer of 1852.[2]^:294