Knowledge-based decision making

Knowledge-based decision-making (KBDM) in management is a decision-making process[2] that uses predetermined criteria to measure and ensure the optimal outcome for a specific topic. It is used to make effective and strategic decisions by establishing a thought process and reasoning behind a decision.[3] It gathers vital background essentials[4] to collectively increase understanding about a topic or agreed criteria. By more efficient decision-making and problem-solving knowledge management can help individuals in organizations do their jobs better and also save time.[5]

Figure 1: Knowledge-based decision making model[1]

Key elements

History of knowledge management is quite short because there was a long-time lack of consensus what would be a good definition on knowledge management. Before starting use knowledge management as o theoretical frame there was only knowhow about thinking with knowledge. Most important key factor of knowledge management is recognise Tacit and Explicit knowledge.[6] Open communication between leadership and membership[7] consists of being able to demonstrate face-to-face dialogue, exchange information and experiences, and sharing facts with one another. Each party takes turns listening and respects what others have to say. There should be regular dialogue and communication between individuals regarding the specified topic.

Dialogue before deliberation[7] – "I must consider all the facts and examine the possible consequences".[8] Dialogue before deliberation recommends communicating prior to demonstrating actions. It is similar to KBDM in that background information about the selected topic must be gathered and made available to all the decision makers prior to meeting or discussing the information. The storage location of materials and sources is shared so that all decision makers involved have equal access to the same information. During the duration of the discussion period, background information and facts are evaluated and discussed among the decision makers.[9] This is done so that decision makers can use this time as an opportunity to ask questions about the specified topic and receive timely and appropriate responses. The overall purpose of these meetings is to discuss the background information, as well as ensuring each decision makers' questions have been answered, via face-to-face contact.[2]

All decision makers have common access to information – All information involved in the KBDM process must be distributed equally to all decision makers and the sources should be stored in a mutual location to ensure the same grounds for each decision maker.[10] It is important that all of the information provided to the decision makers have the same content.

Decisions makers exist in a culture of trust – Organizational culture comes from individual beliefs, procedures, norms, values, and meanings shared by other members in the organization. Organizational culture has an impact on an individual's behavior in various situations.[11] "Culture" is based on the characteristics and behavior among a particular group of individuals.[12] Corresponding to this, knowledge-based decision making tries to focus on functioning within an environment containing a variety of components, including respecting one another's decisions and listening to each other. These factors influence a culture since they can contribute to how an individual feels within the environment. This influence can be positive or negative, reducing the amount of fear and pressure put on individuals if they make a mistake. If individuals feel as though they need advice, the culture can assist individuals, since it would be normal to help each other, by reassuring as well as encouraging. In contrast, not having a culture of trust can increase the level of risk when making decisions, as individuals may take advantage of situations and be non-supportive or unwilling to give advice to others.[4]

Advantages

Open communication contributes to increased relevant overall knowledge and understanding about the topic, doing this can limit both confusion and misunderstanding.[4]

Dialogue before deliberation gives a clear direction of conversation and provides an opportunity for decision makers to prepare by viewing background information founded, which can generate a better understanding of the topic involved.[10] Decision makers are prepared for discussion as they have the chance to formulate questions and identify specific aspects of the findings and information they want to discuss or develop on. The decision makers gain a clearer and rounded understanding of the topic beforehand from background information provided.

All decision makers have common access to information. Having information published in one location contributes to ease of access and ensures availability, allowing decision makers to view information efficiently and effectively before a meeting.[2] Publishing information beforehand allows members to have sufficient time to become informed about the content provided, generate further questions, and express opinions[4] about the matter to reach the most suitable outcome.

Decision makers exist in a culture of trust. It allows them to help, advise, and support each other, as well as fostering a common goal towards achieving the same objectives.[13] The content of information needed to make an informed decision supersedes authority, and group members are more likely to support a decision made because of their contribution.[7]

Disadvantages

Holding open communication can still lead to confusion if some decision makers do not communicate effectively. Miscommunication can still occur between individuals from different perceptions.

Dialogue before deliberation may be impeded by individuals who may not have read the background information or understand the direction of conversation. Background information provided may be hard to understand and impact preparation time.

All decision makers have common access to information may not always be possible for all decision makers. Storing all information in one location is a huge risk if the location is compromised. Background information may be outdated.[7]

New decision makers may not fully understand the culture of trust. It is important to understand the benefits of the Internet as a tool which knit together the intellectual asset of an organization and organize and manage this content trough the lenses of common interest.[14] Nowadays ability to simulate rich, interactive, face-to-face knowledge is the key factory to use knowledge management as a part of decision making in B2B business.

Process

The process is composed of six main components:

Figure 2 - Knowledge-based decision making (KBDM) (adapted from Bolukbas & Guneri 2017)[15]
  1. A topic is specified.
  2. Relevant background information[16] and key facts are identified and gathered in relation to the specified topic. This information is stored in a mutual location and made accessible to all decision makers. At this stage, decision makers may add any missing information.
  3. The background information is analyzed using a set criteria, or a set of questions by the decision makers. During this stage, questions and queries[17] are created.
  4. A discussion occurs between all decision makers; questions and queries are discussed during this stage. Concerns and opinions are also stated during this stage.
  5. From the discussions and information gathered, a summary is made. The purpose of the summary is to clearly outline key factors that are most relevant to the specified topic.
  6. The results and findings from the analysis are discussed among decision makers as a group to ensure that the best possible outcome can be made strategically.[17]

Purpose

The KBDM process allows the main focus and emphasis to be on the actual decision and reasoning. Authority is not a major factor.[4]

In KBDM, there are structures in place which allow methodical approaches to occur and indicate a starting point when making vital decisions. In this case, KBDM is used as an indicator and standard guideline which can be applied to decision-making situations.[13]

At the beginning of the process relevant information is gathered so that the overall decision can be based on background information and factual knowledge.[7] By researching background information it can focus on particular areas in the topic. The structure enables the thought process of a decision to be specified and states the reasons behind a decision,[4] so if an issue occurs with the overall outcome the thought process can be evaluated thoroughly.

In regards to business, the KBDM process can give companies or organizations a competitive advantage, create common grounds, and gain an understanding of others in the same sector due to the structured format. The structure supports and is suited to assist long-term planning and strategic decision-making.[10] At the beginning of the process key background information is assembled to increase the amount of knowledge and understanding each individual decision maker has about the topic; vital aspects of information are included. Discovered research and information are put into a mutual location to provide equal grounds in terms of knowledge before a discussion occurs to give time for questions to be established. From the KBDM process, a decision can be made based on facts, understanding and suitable reasoning from discussions to conclude the most appropriate decision.[18]

Questions

In the third stage of the process background information is measured against a set of questions. These questions are answered and then used to contribute to the overall decision made.

Questions that are used to measure information include:

  1. What do we currently know about the needs, wants and preferences of our members that relate to this discussion?
  2. What do we know about both our resources and strategic position that is relevant to this issue?
  3. What do we know about the current environment and culture that relates to this issue?
  4. What are the (ethical) implications of our choice (pros and cons)?[19]
  5. What do we not know about this issue that we wish we knew?[18]
  6. How do the organization's legacies apply to this issue?
  7. What is your part in the process?[2]

Decision making in project management

Effective project management is best achieved using an adaptive approach focused on effective decision-making.[20] Therefore, a variety of tools based on software and structure have been developed to support decision making in groups. Decision Making processes are strongly correlated to the level of available knowledge regarding the environment, the decision is based on.[21] Successfully using knowledge management supporting tools improves overall project performance and is an essential method for organizations with project-related work styles.[22]

B2B decision making based on knowledge management

There are many studies which are discussing about knowledge managements importance on organizational outcomes such as organizational performance, product quality and organizational learning. Despite these various studies, knowledge management literature and practice are lacking research on how decision-making styles influences on the processes of the knowledge management on organizational performance.[11]

Decision-making is a solid part of the problem solution process. The description of a problem solution process begins with the complicated description of a problem that is required to be solved by the so-called initial situation diagnosis. For such purpose there are specific tools and methods. Then there is a decision on how to solve the particular problem. The final stage of the process is optimization of the proposed solution. It is recommended that companies take into account matters related to the company management (i.e. employees, processes, equipment) if their decision making is based on knowledge. It is also important to identify and update the critical knowledge of the company and continuous conduct the critical knowledge area analyses. It is not to be forgotten to monitor and develop data resources and their content either.[23]

See also

References
  1. Anon, Anon (n.d.). "The Steps of Knowledge Based Decision Making" (PDF). The Steps of Knowledge Based Decision Making. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  2. http://www.al-anon12.org/uploads/3/7/6/8/37680853/knowledgebaseddecisionmaking.pdf, Al-Anon (January 2012). "Knowledge Based Decision Making Overview". Al-Anon District 12 Panel 52.
  3. Yim, Nam-Hong (2004). "Knowledge based decision making - Strategic concerns: system dynamics approach" (PDF). Knowledge Based Decision Making on Higher Level Strategic Concerns: System Dynamics Approach. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  4. Anon, Anon (n.d.). "The Knowledge Based Decision Making Process To Reach an Informed Group Conscience" (PDF). Oegonal-anon.org. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  5. Dalkir (2020). Knowledge management in theory and practice. MIT Press. pp. 25–.
  6. Dalkir (2011). Knowledge management in theory and practice. MIT Press. pp. 25–.
  7. Anon, Anon (n.d.). "Knowledge Based Decision Making KBDM" (PDF). KBDM. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  8. Family Group Head Inc, Al-Anon (1997). Paths to Recovery: Al-Anon's Steps, Traditions and Concepts. pp. 149–151.
  9. NEA, National Education Association (2015). "NEA Knowledge Based Decision Making" (PDF). 2015 NEA Leadership Summit. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  10. Anon, Al (n.d.). "Knowledge Based Decision Making - Key Elements" (PDF). KBDM Model. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  11. Abubakar, Abubakar Mohammed; Elrehail, Hamzah; Alatailat, Maher Ahmad; Elçi, Alev (2017-10-21). "Knowledge management, decision-making style and organizational performance". Journal of Innovation & Knowledge. 4 (2): 104–114. doi:10.1016/j.jik.2017.07.003. ISSN 2444-569X.
  12. "What is Culture? | Definition of Culture". LiveScience.com. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
  13. Anon, Anon (n.d.). "Knowledge based decision making, benefits" (PDF). KBDM Benefits. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  14. Dalkir (2011). Use of Knowledge Management in theory and practice. MIT Press. pp. 25–.
  15. Bolukbas; Guneri (2018). "Knowledge-based decision making for the technology competency analysis of manufacturing enterprises". Applied Soft Computing. 67: 781–799. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2017.11.023. Retrieved 15 November 2020.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. Inc, Tech-Clarity (2012). "Knowledge- Enabled Decision Making" (PDF). Tech Clarity Insight. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  17. Anon, Anon (n.d.). "The Steps of Knowledge Based Decision Making" (PDF). Making an Informed Decision. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  18. Al- Anon, SCWS (n.d.). "KBDM" (PDF). KBDM. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  19. Anon, Anon (n.d.). "Knowledge based decision making - questions" (PDF). Pa-al-anon.
  20. O’Sullivan, David (2015-06-24). "Decision making in project management". Production Planning & Control. 26 (16): 1386–1387. doi:10.1080/09537287.2015.1055092. ISSN 0953-7287. S2CID 109003565.
  21. Holsapple, C. W. (1995), Knowledge Management in Decision Making and Decision Support, Technical report
  22. Hobday, M. (2000), The project-based organization: an ideal form for managing complex products and systems?, Technical report
  23. Litvaj; Stancekova (2015). "Use of Knowledge Management in Decision-Making". Procedia Economics and Finance 23: 467–472. doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00547-X.
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