Leonas Prapuolenis

Prapuolenis was born in the family of affluent farmers. His father was elected burgomaster of Kybartai for twenty years.[1] In 1922, Prapuolenis started his studies at the Marijampolė Rygiškių Jonas Gymnasium. In 1923, he was transferred to the newly established Žiburys gymnasium in Kybartai, which was later reorganized into the Kybartai junior commerce college.[2] Since 1930, he was an active member of the Ateitininkai Catholic youth movement and in 1931–1933 was a leader of an Ateitininkai group in Kybartai.[3] After graduating from the Kybartai college, Prapuolenis began studying economics at the Vytautas Magnus University. As a university student, he was a member of the Catholic student corporation Kęstutis and chairman of the student sports club Achilas.[3]

In 1934, he moved to Klaipėda to study at the newly established Commerce Institute and after the first year was conscripted into the Lithuanian Army.[1] He applied to study at the War School of Kaunas instead, but his request was rejected due to his political activity and opposition to the regime of President Antanas Smetona. Prapuolenis won the case and graduated from the War School as a junior reserve lieutenant in 1936.[1] After returning to the Commerce Institute, he was a member of the opposition movement – he chaired Catholic student corporation Gintaras, prepared for publication bi-weekly newspaper Bendras žygis, and planned a student strike to demand democracy in Lithuania.[2][3] Therefore, he was expelled from the institute in December 1938.[1] Prapuolenis further received a four-year prison sentence but was spared by the changing political situation. When the new coalition government led by Jonas Černius, which included members of the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party and Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union, was formed in March 1939, Prapuolenis returned to his studies at the institute which was relocated to Šiauliai as Lithuania lost Klaipėda to Nazi Germany.[2] He graduated from the institute in fall 1939.[3]

In 1939, together with Adolfas Damušis, Pranas Padalskis and others, he established the chemical factory Gulbė (The Swan) in Kaunas.[1]

After the Soviet Union occupation of Lithuania in June 1940, Gulbė was nationalized and Prapuolenis, feeling that he might become a target of Soviet repressions, went into hiding.[3] Together with Adolfas Damušis, brigade general Motiejus Pečiulionis, and others, Prapuolenis established resistance groups (a network of fives) of the Lithuanian Activist Front (LAF) in Kaunas.[4] Prapuolenis was a contact between LAF groups in Kaunas and Vilnius, led by major Vytautas Bulvičius. After Vilnius LAF was liquidated by the NKVD and major Bulvičius was arrested, Prapuolenis became a leader of LAF.[2] When Germany invaded the Soviet Union and LAF members started the June Uprising against Soviet institutions in Lithuania, Prapuolenis read the independence proclamation at 9:28 a.m. on 23 June 1941 at the Kaunas radio station freed by the LAF rebels.[4] Prapuolenis became LAF representative to the Provisional Government of Lithuania.[3]

On 15 September, after the Provisional Government was replaced by the German administration (Generalbezirk Litauen of the Reichskommissariat Ostland), Prapuolenis and other members of LAF and the Provisional Government prepared a memorandum arguing against such German actions.[2] The Germans responded by disbanding LAF and imprisoning Prapuolenis in Tilsit on 27 September.[2] He was sent to the Dachau concentration camp on 5 December 1941.[5][6] On 7 April 1942, Prapuolenis was freed with the help of Kazys Škirpa.[7] Prapuolenis was placed under police supervision in Munich without the right to visit Lithuania.[1] He was allowed a short visit to Lithuania to attend his father's funeral in December 1942.[3] Despite the German prohibitions, he participated in developing strategy of the Lithuanian Front (LF), an anti-Nazi and anti-Soviet resistance group that replaced LAF. On 15 September – 8 October 1944, Prapuolenis together with Zenonas Ivinskis and Pranas Padalskis secretly visited German-occupied Lithuania and met anti-Soviet resistance members of LF and the Lithuanian Freedom Army in Telšiai, Rietavas, Kretinga.[1][2]

Prepuolenis did not return to Nazi Germany. He briefly lived in Vienna and Bregenz, Austria. In May 1945, he moved to Switzerland and worked as a secretary of the United Lithuanian Relief Fund of America (BALF).[1] In June 1948, moved to Pfullingen in West Germany and continued working for BALF. He joined the anti-Soviet organisation Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania (VLIK), was vice-chairman of the Society of Friends of the Lithuanian Front (Lietuvių fronto bičiulių sambūris), and was a corresponded of the Lithuanian daily Draugas published in Chicago.[3][8] In 1952–1953, he was one of seven Lithuanian independence activists who were selected as assassination targets by the Soviet MGB.[9] However, the plans failed when the MGB agent Rudolf Otting (codename Kirvis) defected to West Germany.[2] In 1955, Prapuolenis moved to the United States and settled in Chicago. He was an active participant in various Lithuanian emigre organisations. He was buried at the Lithuanian cemetery of St. Casimir in Chicago.[1]

Prapuolenis published articles in various Lithuanian periodicals, including XX amžius (20th Century), Studentų dienos (The Days of Students), Į laisvę (Towards Freedom), Tėvynės sargas (Guardian of the Fatherland).[3]