Lerch zeta function

The Lerch zeta function is given by

${\displaystyle L(\lambda ,\alpha ,s)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {e^{2\pi i\lambda n}}{(n+\alpha )^{s}}}.}$

A related function, the Lerch transcendent, is given by

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,\alpha )=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{n}}{(n+\alpha )^{s}}}.}$

The two are related, as

${\displaystyle \,\Phi (e^{2\pi i\lambda },s,\alpha )=L(\lambda ,\alpha ,s).}$

An integral representation is given by

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a)={\frac {1}{\Gamma (s)}}\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {t^{s-1}e^{-at}}{1-ze^{-t}}}\,dt}$

for

${\displaystyle \Re (a)>0\wedge \Re (s)>0\wedge z<1\vee \Re (a)>0\wedge \Re (s)>1\wedge z=1.}$

A contour integral representation is given by

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a)=-{\frac {\Gamma (1-s)}{2\pi i}}\int _{0}^{(+\infty )}{\frac {(-t)^{s-1}e^{-at}}{1-ze^{-t}}}\,dt}$

for

${\displaystyle \Re (a)>0\wedge \Re (s)<0\wedge z<1}$

where the contour must not enclose any of the points ${\displaystyle t=\log(z)+2k\pi i,k\in Z.}$

A Hermite-like integral representation is given by

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a)={\frac {1}{2a^{s}}}+\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {z^{t}}{(a+t)^{s}}}\,dt+{\frac {2}{a^{s-1}}}\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin(s\arctan(t)-ta\log(z))}{(1+t^{2})^{s/2}(e^{2\pi at}-1)}}\,dt}$

for

${\displaystyle \Re (a)>0\wedge |z|<1}$

and

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a)={\frac {1}{2a^{s}}}+{\frac {\log ^{s-1}(1/z)}{z^{a}}}\Gamma (1-s,a\log(1/z))+{\frac {2}{a^{s-1}}}\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin(s\arctan(t)-ta\log(z))}{(1+t^{2})^{s/2}(e^{2\pi at}-1)}}\,dt}$

for

${\displaystyle \Re (a)>0.}$

Similar representations include

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a)={\frac {1}{2a^{s}}}+\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\cos(t\log z)\sin {\Big (}s\arctan {\tfrac {t}{a}}{\Big )}-\sin(t\log z)\cos {\Big (}s\arctan {\tfrac {t}{a}}{\Big )}}{{\big (}a^{2}+t^{2}{\big )}^{\frac {s}{2}}\tanh \pi t}}\,dt,}$

and

${\displaystyle \Phi (-z,s,a)={\frac {1}{2a^{s}}}+\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\cos(t\log z)\sin {\Big (}s\arctan {\tfrac {t}{a}}{\Big )}-\sin(t\log z)\cos {\Big (}s\arctan {\tfrac {t}{a}}{\Big )}}{{\big (}a^{2}+t^{2}{\big )}^{\frac {s}{2}}\sinh \pi t}}\,dt,}$

holding for positive z (and more generally wherever the integrals converge). Furthermore,

${\displaystyle \Phi (e^{i\varphi },s,a)=L{\big (}{\tfrac {\varphi }{2\pi }},a,s{\big )}={\frac {1}{a^{s}}}+{\frac {1}{2\Gamma (s)}}\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {t^{s-1}e^{-at}{\big (}e^{i\varphi }-e^{-t}{\big )}}{\cosh {t}-\cos {\varphi }}}\,dt,}$

The last formula is also known as Lipschitz formula.

The Hurwitz zeta function is a special case, given by

${\displaystyle \,\zeta (s,\alpha )=L(0,\alpha ,s)=\Phi (1,s,\alpha ).}$

The polylogarithm is a special case of the Lerch Zeta, given by

${\displaystyle \,{\textrm {Li}}_{s}(z)=z\Phi (z,s,1).}$

The Legendre chi function is a special case, given by

${\displaystyle \,\chi _{n}(z)=2^{-n}z\Phi (z^{2},n,1/2).}$

The Riemann zeta function is given by

${\displaystyle \,\zeta (s)=\Phi (1,s,1).}$

The Dirichlet eta function is given by

${\displaystyle \,\eta (s)=\Phi (-1,s,1).}$

For λ rational, the summand is a root of unity, and thus ${\displaystyle L(\lambda ,\alpha ,s)}$ may be expressed as a finite sum over the Hurwitz zeta-function. Suppose ${\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {p}{q}}}$ with ${\displaystyle p,q\in \mathbb {Z} }$ and ${\displaystyle q>0}$. Then ${\displaystyle z=\omega =e^{2\pi i{\frac {p}{q}}}}$ and ${\displaystyle \omega ^{q}=1}$.

${\displaystyle \Phi (\omega ,s,\alpha )=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {\omega ^{n}}{(n+\alpha )^{s}}}=\sum _{m=0}^{q-1}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {\omega ^{qn+m}}{(qn+m+\alpha )^{s}}}=\sum _{m=0}^{q-1}\omega ^{m}q^{-s}\zeta (s,{\frac {m+\alpha }{q}})}$

Various identities include:

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a)=z^{n}\Phi (z,s,a+n)+\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}{\frac {z^{k}}{(k+a)^{s}}}}$

and

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s-1,a)=\left(a+z{\frac {\partial }{\partial z}}\right)\Phi (z,s,a)}$

and

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s+1,a)=-\,{\frac {1}{s}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial a}}\Phi (z,s,a).}$

A series representation for the Lerch transcendent is given by

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,q)={\frac {1}{1-z}}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left({\frac {-z}{1-z}}\right)^{n}\sum _{k=0}^{n}(-1)^{k}{\binom {n}{k}}(q+k)^{-s}.}$

(Note that ${\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{k}}}$ is a binomial coefficient.)

The series is valid for all s, and for complex z with Re(z)<1/2. Note a general resemblance to a similar series representation for the Hurwitz zeta function. [1]

A Taylor series in the first parameter was given by Erdélyi. It may be written as the following series, which is valid for

${\displaystyle |\log(z)|<2\pi ;s\neq 1,2,3,\dots ;a\neq 0,-1,-2,\dots }$

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a)=z^{-a}\left[\Gamma (1-s)\left(-\log(z)\right)^{s-1}+\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }\zeta (s-k,a){\frac {\log ^{k}(z)}{k!}}\right]}$

B. R. Johnson (1974). "Generalized Lerch zeta-function". Pacific J. Math. 53 (1): 189–193. doi:10.2140/pjm.1974.53.189.

If n is a positive integer, then

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,n,a)=z^{-a}\left\{\sum _{{k=0} \atop k\neq n-1}^{\infty }\zeta (n-k,a){\frac {\log ^{k}(z)}{k!}}+\left[\psi (n)-\psi (a)-\log(-\log(z))\right]{\frac {\log ^{n-1}(z)}{(n-1)!}}\right\},}$

where ${\displaystyle \psi (n)}$ is the digamma function.

A Taylor series in the third variable is given by

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a+x)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }\Phi (z,s+k,a)(s)_{k}{\frac {(-x)^{k}}{k!}};|x|<\Re (a),}$

where ${\displaystyle (s)_{k}}$ is the Pochhammer symbol.

Series at a = -n is given by

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a)=\sum _{k=0}^{n}{\frac {z^{k}}{(a+k)^{s}}}+z^{n}\sum _{m=0}^{\infty }(1-m-s)_{m}\operatorname {Li} _{s+m}(z){\frac {(a+n)^{m}}{m!}};\ a\rightarrow -n}$

A special case for n = 0 has the following series

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a)={\frac {1}{a^{s}}}+\sum _{m=0}^{\infty }(1-m-s)_{m}\operatorname {Li} _{s+m}(z){\frac {a^{m}}{m!}};|a|<1,}$

where ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Li} _{s}(z)}$ is the polylogarithm.

An asymptotic series for ${\displaystyle s\rightarrow -\infty }$

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a)=z^{-a}\Gamma (1-s)\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }[2k\pi i-\log(z)]^{s-1}e^{2k\pi ai}}$

for ${\displaystyle |a|<1;\Re (s)<0;z\notin (-\infty ,0)}$ and

${\displaystyle \Phi (-z,s,a)=z^{-a}\Gamma (1-s)\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }[(2k+1)\pi i-\log(z)]^{s-1}e^{(2k+1)\pi ai}}$

for ${\displaystyle |a|<1;\Re (s)<0;z\notin (0,\infty ).}$

An asymptotic series in the incomplete gamma function

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a)={\frac {1}{2a^{s}}}+{\frac {1}{z^{a}}}\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {e^{-2\pi i(k-1)a}\Gamma (1-s,a(-2\pi i(k-1)-\log(z)))}{(-2\pi i(k-1)-\log(z))^{1-s}}}+{\frac {e^{2\pi ika}\Gamma (1-s,a(2\pi ik-\log(z)))}{(2\pi ik-\log(z))^{1-s}}}}$

for ${\displaystyle |a|<1;\Re (s)<0.}$

The polylogarithm function ${\displaystyle \mathrm {Li} _{n}(z)}$ is defined as

${\displaystyle \mathrm {Li} _{0}(z)={\frac {z}{1-z}},\qquad \mathrm {Li} _{-n}(z)=z{\frac {d}{dz}}\mathrm {Li} _{1-n}(z).}$

Let

${\displaystyle \Omega _{a}\equiv {\begin{cases}\mathbb {C} \setminus [1,\infty )&{\text{if }}\Re a>0,\\{z\in \mathbb {C} ,|z|<1}&{\text{if }}\Re a\leq 0.\end{cases}}}$

For ${\displaystyle |\mathrm {Arg} (a)|<\pi ,s\in \mathbb {C} }$ and ${\displaystyle z\in \Omega _{a}}$, an asymptotic expansion of ${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a)}$ for large ${\displaystyle a}$ and fixed ${\displaystyle s}$ and ${\displaystyle z}$ is given by

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a)={\frac {1}{1-z}}{\frac {1}{a^{s}}}+\sum _{n=1}^{N-1}{\frac {(-1)^{n}\mathrm {Li} _{-n}(z)}{n!}}{\frac {(s)_{n}}{a^{n+s}}}+O(a^{-N-s})}$

for ${\displaystyle N\in \mathbb {N} }$, where ${\displaystyle (s)_{n}=s(s+1)\cdots (s+n-1)}$ is the Pochhammer symbol.[2]

Let

${\displaystyle f(z,x,a)\equiv {\frac {1-(ze^{-x})^{1-a}}{1-ze^{-x}}}.}$

Let ${\displaystyle C_{n}(z,a)}$ be its Taylor coefficients at ${\displaystyle x=0}$. Then for fixed ${\displaystyle N\in \mathbb {N} ,\Re a>1}$ and ${\displaystyle \Re s>0}$,

${\displaystyle \Phi (z,s,a)-{\frac {\mathrm {Li} _{s}(z)}{z^{a}}}=\sum _{n=0}^{N-1}C_{n}(z,a){\frac {(s)_{n}}{a^{n+s}}}+O\left((\Re a)^{1-N-s}+az^{-\Re a}\right),}$

as ${\displaystyle \Re a\to \infty }$.[3]

The Lerch transcendent is implemented as LerchPhi in Maple and Mathematica, and as lerchphi in mpmath and SymPy.

• Apostol, T. M. (2010), "Lerch's Transcendent", in Olver, Frank W. J.; Lozier, Daniel M.; Boisvert, Ronald F.; Clark, Charles W. (eds.), NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-19225-5, MR 2723248.
• Bateman, H.; Erdélyi, A. (1953), Higher Transcendental Functions, Vol. I (PDF), New York: McGraw-Hill. (See § 1.11, "The function Ψ(z,s,v)", p. 27)
• Gradshteyn, Izrail Solomonovich; Ryzhik, Iosif Moiseevich; Geronimus, Yuri Veniaminovich; Tseytlin, Michail Yulyevich; Jeffrey, Alan (2015) [October 2014]. "9.55.". In Zwillinger, Daniel; Moll, Victor Hugo (eds.). Table of Integrals, Series, and Products. Translated by Scripta Technica, Inc. (8 ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-384933-5. LCCN 2014010276.
• Guillera, Jesus; Sondow, Jonathan (2008), "Double integrals and infinite products for some classical constants via analytic continuations of Lerch's transcendent", The Ramanujan Journal, 16 (3): 247–270, arXiv:math.NT/0506319, doi:10.1007/s11139-007-9102-0, MR 2429900, S2CID 119131640. (Includes various basic identities in the introduction.)
• Jackson, M. (1950), "On Lerch's transcendent and the basic bilateral hypergeometric series ₂ψ₂", J. London Math. Soc., 25 (3): 189–196, doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-25.3.189, MR 0036882.
• Johansson, F.; Blagouchine, Ia. (2019), "Computing Stieltjes constants using complex integration", Mathematics of Computation, 88 (318): 1829–1850, arXiv:1804.01679, doi:10.1090/mcom/3401, MR 3925487, S2CID 4619883.
• Laurinčikas, Antanas; Garunkštis, Ramūnas (2002), The Lerch zeta-function, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-4020-1014-9, MR 1979048.
• Lerch, Mathias (1887), "Note sur la fonction ${\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\mathfrak {K}}(w,x,s)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{e^{2k\pi ix} \over (w+k)^{s}}}$", Acta Mathematica (in French), 11 (1–4): 19–24, doi:10.1007/BF02612318, JFM 19.0438.01, MR 1554747, S2CID 121885446.

• Aksenov, Sergej V.; Jentschura, Ulrich D. (2002), C and Mathematica Programs for Calculation of Lerch's Transcendent.
• Ramunas Garunkstis, Home Page (2005) (Provides numerous references and preprints.)
• Ramunas Garunkstis, Approximation of the Lerch Zeta Function (PDF)
• S. Kanemitsu, Y. Tanigawa and H. Tsukada, A generalization of Bochner's formula, (undated, 2005 or earlier)
• Weisstein, Eric W. "Lerch Transcendent". MathWorld.
• "§25.14, Lerch's Transcendent". NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2012.