Lesinurad

Lesinurad (brand name Zurampic) is a urate transporter inhibitor for treating high blood uric acid levels associated with gout.[1] It is only recommended together with either allopurinol or febuxostat when these medications are not sufficient.[2]

Lesinurad
Clinical data
PronunciationZurampic /zəˈræmpɪk/ zə-RAM-pik
Trade namesZurampic
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa616015
License data
Routes of
administration		Oral (tablets)
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability~100%[1]
Protein binding>98%
MetabolismHepatic (CYP2C9)
Elimination half-life~5 hours
ExcretionUrine (63%), feces (32%)
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ECHA InfoCard100.216.089
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H14BrN3O2S
Molar mass404.28 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

It received FDA approval on 22 December 2015.[2] The European Commission granted a marketing authorisation valid throughout the European Union on 18 February 2016.[3] In February 2019, it was discontinued in the United States by its manufacturer for business reasons, and was subsequently withdrawn in Europe in July 2020.[4][5]

Medical uses

Lesinurad is used in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, such as allopurinol or febuxostat, for treating hyperuricemia (high levels of uric acid in the blood serum) associated with gout. It is approved only for patients who have not achieved target uric acid levels with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor alone.[1]

Contraindications

The drug is contraindicated in people with tumour lysis syndrome or Lesch–Nyhan syndrome (juvenile gout), as well as severe impairment of kidney function, including kidney transplant and hemodialysis patients.[6][7]

Side effects

In clinical trials, serum creatinine (an important marker for kidney function) was elevated in 4.3 to 7.8% of patients depending on the dose, as compared to 2.3% under placebo. Manifest kidney problems were less frequent under the standard dose than under placebo: Kidney failure occurred in 2.1% of placebo patients, in 1.2% of patients with the therapeutic standard dose, and in 3.5% of patients with the double dose. For kidney stones, the frequencies were 1.7%, 0.6% and 2.5%, respectively.[6][7]

Other common side effects were influenza (5.1% vs. 2.7% under placebo), headache (5.3% vs. 4.1%), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (2.7% vs. 0.8%). Hypersensitivity reactions were rare (<0.1%).[6][7]

Interactions

The substance is a mild inducer of the liver enzyme CYP3A4. Some drugs that are metabolized by this enzyme have been shown to be slightly less effective when combined with lesinurad, examples including simvastatin and warfarin. It might also be a mild inducer of CYP2B6. On the other hand, lesinurad concentrations in the blood are decreased by drugs that induce CYP2C9 and increased by substances that inhibit this enzyme (such as fluconazole), as well as in people who have genetically determined low CYP2C9 activity. The same may be true of microsomal epoxide hydrolase inhibitors (such as valproic acid).[6]

High dose aspirin and related drugs reduce the effectiveness of other anti-gout medications. It is not known conclusively whether this also applies to lesinurad, but low dose aspirin does not negatively affect its activity.[6][7]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Lesinurad inhibits URAT1, a protein that is responsible for reabsorption of uric acid in the kidneys. This leads to increased uric acid excretion with the urine, and consequently lower blood levels. It also inhibits the protein OAT4, which is associated with hyperuricemia caused by diuretic drugs.[6][7]

Pharmacokinetics
The main metabolic pathways in humans.[8] Involved enzymes are 2C9 = CYP2C9 and mEH = microsomal epoxide hydrolase.

Lesinurad is quickly and practically completely absorbed from the gut. Highest blood plasma concentrations are reached after one to four hours. When in the bloodstream, the substance is almost completely (>98%) bound to plasma proteins, mainly albumin.[6][7]

It is metabolized mainly by the liver enzyme CYP2C9 to various oxidation products, predominantly to a hydroxylated substance called M3 and an epoxide, M3c. The latter is quickly hydrolyzed to the diol M4 by microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH). The enzymes CYP1A1, CYP2C19 and CYP3A only play minor roles in its metabolization. Glucuronidation by the enzymes UGT1A1 and UGT2B7 has also been detected.[8]

Lesinurad is excreted via the urine (63%) and feces (32%), with a biological half-life of about five hours. Of the excreted dose, 30% are unchanged lesinurad, and the rest are metabolites.[6][7]

Pharmacogenomics

People who are CYP2C9 poor metabolizers are exposed to lesinurad concentrations that are about 1.8-fold higher than those with a normal function of this enzyme.[6][7]

Chemistry

Lesinurad is a white to off-white powder and is not hygroscopic. It is a 1:1 racemic mixture of atropisomers.[9]

See also

References
  1. "Zurampic (lesinurad) Tablets, for Oral Use. Full Prescribing Information" (PDF). AstraZeneca AB, S-151 85 Sodertalje, Sweden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  2. "Drug Trial Snapshot: Zurampic". US Food and Drug Administration. 22 December 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  3. "EPAR summary for the public" (PDF). EMA. 13 March 2016.
  4. "Duzallo and Zurampic". Ironwood Pharmaceuticals. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  5. "Duzallo". European Medicines Agency. The European Union. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  6. "Zurampic: EPAR – Product Information" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 6 July 2017.
  7. FDA Professional Drug Information: Zurampic. Accessed 19 July 2017.
  8. "Zurampic: EPAR – Public assessment report" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 9 March 2016. pp. 18–19, 38–39.
  9. "Zurampic: EPAR – Public assessment report" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 9 March 2016. p. 9.

Further reading
  • "Lesinurad". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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