Lionel Robbins

Lionel Charles Robbins, Baron Robbins, CH, CB, FBA (22 November 1898 – 15 May 1984) was a British economist, and prominent member of the economics department at the London School of Economics. He is known for his leadership at LSE, his proposed definition of economics, and for his instrumental efforts in shifting Anglo-Saxon economics from its Marshallian direction. He is famous for the quote, "Humans want what they can't have."

The Lord Robbins
Robbins at the opening of the Lionel Robbins building at the LSE, 27 July 1978
Born(1898-11-22)22 November 1898
Sipson, Middlesex
Died15 May 1984(1984-05-15) (aged 85)
London
NationalityBritish
InstitutionLondon School of Economics
School or
tradition		Neoclassical economics
Alma materUniversity College London, London School of Economics
Doctoral
advisor		Edwin Cannan
Doctoral
students		Nicholas Kaldor
Amiya Kumar Dasgupta
Abba P. Lerner
William Baumol
Frank Hahn
InfluencesWilliam Stanley Jevons, Philip Wicksteed, Léon Walras, Vilfredo Pareto, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Friedrich von Wieser, Knut Wicksell, Alfred Marshall. Ludwig von Mises
ContributionsRobbins Report

Early life

Robbins was born in Sipson, west of London, the son of Rowland Richard Robbins (1872–1960), known as Dick, and his wife Rosa Marion Harris;[1] his father was a farmer, a member of Middlesex County Council involved also in the National Farmers' Union, and the family was Strict Baptist.[2] His sister Caroline became a noted Professor of History at Bryn Mawr College.[3]

Robbins was educated at home, at Hounslow College (a preparatory school), and the nearby grammar school, Southall County School.[4] He went to University College London in October 1915, beginning an Arts degree and attending lectures by W. P. Ker, the medievalist Francis Charles Montague, and A. F. Pollard. Wishing to serve in World War I, he began training in early 1916 at Topsham, Devon. He was in the Royal Field Artillery as an officer from August 1916 to 1918, when he was wounded by a sniper on 12 April in the Battle of the Lys and returned home.[5]

During the war Robbins became interested in guild socialism, reading in G. D. H. Cole and by personal contact with Reginald Lawson, a connection from the Harris side of the family.[6] Through Clive Gardiner, an artist commissioned by Dick Robbins in 1917 to paint his son's portrait, Robbins met first Alfred George Gardiner, Clive's father, and then his ally the activist James Joseph Mallon.[7] After his convalescence and 1919 demobilisation from the army, Robbins was employed for about a year by the Labour Campaign for the Nationalization of the Drink Trade, a position found with Mallon's help. The campaign was an offshoot of the State Management Scheme set up during the war, and Robbins worked in Mecklenburgh Square, London for Mallon and Arthur Greenwood.[2][8]

Robbins resumed his studies in 1920 at the London School of Economics (LSE). There he was taught by Harold Laski, Edwin Cannan and Hugh Dalton. He graduated B.Sc.(Econ) in 1923 with first class honours.[2] Dalton's biographer Ben Pimlott wrote that Robbins was the "most promising student of his generation at the L.S.E."[9]

Academic

After graduation, Robbins found a six-month position as a researcher for William Beveridge, via Dalton.[9] He had applied successfully to New College, Oxford for a fellowship in economics, with references from Alfred George Gardiner (shortly to be his father-in-law), Theodore Gregory and Graham Wallas.[10] It was a one-year lecturing position, and he returned to LSE in 1925, again with Dalton's backing, as assistant lecturer, shortly becoming lecturer.[2][9]

In 1927, Robbins was back at New College, as a Fellow, but continued to teach at LSE, lecturing on a weekly basis. After the death in 1929 of Allyn Abbott Young, Professor of Economics at LSE, Robbins replaced him in the chair, and moved with his wife to Hampstead Garden Suburb. During the 1930s he built up the economics department, hiring Friedrich von Hayek, John Hicks and Nicholas Kaldor.[2]

The Lionel Robbins Building at the London School of Economics

Later life

Robbins bears much responsibility for the modern British university system, through advocacy in the Robbins Report of its substantial expansion in the 1960s.[11] He became the first Chancellor of the new University of Stirling in 1968. He also advocated major government support for the arts, as well as universities.[11]

In later life, Robbins turned to the history of economic thought, publishing studies on English doctrinal history. Robbins' L.S.E. lectures, as he gave them in 1980 (more than fifty years after he first taught the subject upon his appointment in 1929), have been published posthumously (see 1998).

Views

Robbins is noted as a free market economist, and for his definition of economics.

An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science (1932)
Further information: An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science

The definition appears in the Essay by Robbins as:

"Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses."[12]

After contention in the 1930s, this definition reached some general acceptance among economists. The book has six chapters, and the second half remains controversial.[13]

The Essay was influenced by Nathan Isaacs, a close friend from the army, and a paper he had given to the Aristotelian Society in June 1931.[14] The same month, Robbins sent Isaacs a copy of his inaugural lecture, commenting (in relation to business cycles) that its content was out of date through not taking account of work of the Austrians Hayek and Ludwig von Mises.[15] Hayek's cycle theory, and Jacob Viner's work on the balance of payments for Canada, both developments of the 1920s, were used as contrasting examples, respectively of new theorisation and the checking of existing theories. Part of the intellectual framework was the insistence of Isaacs on the importance of inductive reasoning, where Robbins relied more naturally on deductions.[13]

Collectivism

Robbins came to dislike collectivism.[16] His early interest in Samuel George Hobson and G. D. H. Cole as proponents of guild socialism led him to join the National Guilds League, but did not last beyond 1920, though he continued longer with socialist views.[17] He became involved in the socialist calculation debate, taking the side of the Austrian School.

Keynesianism

Robbins clashed with John Maynard Keynes in early October 1930, on the Committee of Economists of the Second MacDonald ministry. It was a small working group chaired by Keynes, apart from the Economic Advisory Council, to consider economic policy in the Great Depression conditions, comprising also Hubert Henderson and Josiah Stamp from the Council, with Arthur Cecil Pigou and Robbins representing academia.[18] Robbins refused to sign a draft by Keynes of proposals including tariffs, and wanted the chance to submit a minority report. Keynes as chair would not grant the request, given that Robbins was in a minority of one. [19] Robbins, who had compared the protectionist views to those of Lord Rothermere and Lord Beaverbrook, walked out of a meeting, and briefed Philip Snowden against the report that contained a version of his criticism, considered himself poorly treated. Bad feeling persisted for years between LSE and Cambridge economists.[20][21]

Initially, Robbins was opposed to Keynes's 1936 General Theory. His own 1934 treatise on the Great Depression is an analysis belonging to that period of his thought. Later, he accepted the need for government intervention. After World War II he wrote:

I grew up in a tradition in which, while recognition was indeed given to the problems created by the ups and downs of the trade cycle and the fluctuations of aggregate demand, there was a tendency to ignore certain deep-seated possibilities of disharmony, in a way which, I now think, led sometimes to superficiality and sometimes to positive error. I owe much to Cambridge economists, particularly to Lord Keynes and Professor Robertson, for having awakened me from dogmatic slumbers in this very important respect.[22]

Influences

As an undergraduate, Robbins felt he had gained much from Philip Wicksteed's The Common Sense of Political Economy (1910).[23] Within the earlier British tradition, he admired William Stanley Jevons's mastery of statistical evidence, and for theory which he thought had abiding relevance.[24] Skidelsky takes Robbins to be a possible but in any case rare example of a British continuator of John Neville Keynes and his Scope and Method of Political Economy (1891).[25] He corresponded with the American Frank Knight from 1931 until Knight's death in 1972.[26]

Honours and awards

Robbins was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1944 Birthday Honours.[27] On 16 June 1959 he was created a life peer as Baron Robbins, of Clare Market in the City of Westminster.[28] In the 1968 New Year Honours he was appointed a Companion of Honour (CH).[29]

Robbins received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1967.[30] The Lionel Robbins Building at the London School of Economics is named after him. Since 2009 that building has had on the exterior of it an installation art work, Blue Rain, by the American artist Michael Brown.[31] There is also a Lionel Robbins Building at Nottingham Trent University.[32]

Works

The early paper The Representative Firm (1928) has been considered Robbins's most celebrated article. In its origins a talk to the London Economic Club, it attacked a major concept of Alfred Marshall. Ralph George Hawtrey of the Club defended Marshall's ideas in a letter to Robbins, who within weeks submitted a version to Keynes as editor of the Economic Journal.[33]

Robbins' 1966 Chichele lecture on the accumulation of capital (published in 1968) and later work on Smithian economics, The Theory of Economic Policy in English Classical Political Economy, have been described as imprecise.[34]

  • "Principles Of Economics", 1923, "Economics"
  • "Dynamics of Capitalism", 1926, Economica.
  • "The Optimum Theory of Population", 1927, in T.E. Gregory and H. Dalton, editors, London Essays in Honour of Edwin Cannan.
  • "The Representative Firm", 1928, EJ.
  • "On a Certain Ambiguity in the Conception of Stationary Equilibrium", 1930, EJ.
  • Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, 1932. download
  • "Remarks on the Relationship between Economics and Psychology", 1934, Manchester School.
  • "Remarks on Some Aspects of the Theory of Costs", 1934, EJ.
  • The Great Depression, 1934. Scroll to chapter-preview links.
  • "The Place of Jevons in the History of Economic Thought", 1936, Manchester School.
  • Economic Planning and International Order, 1937. Macmillan, London.
  • "Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility: A Comment", 1938, EJ.
  • The Economic Causes of War, 1939. download
  • The Economic Problem in Peace and War, 1947.
  • The Theory of Economic Policy in English Classical Political Economy, 1952.
  • Robert Torrens and the Evolution of Classical Economics, 1958.
  • Politics and Economics, 1963.
  • The University in the Modern World, 1966.
  • The Theory of Economic Development in the History of Economic Thought, 1968.
  • Jacob Viner: A tribute, 1970.
  • The Evolution of Modern Economic Theory, 1970.
  • Autobiography of an Economist, 1971.
  • Political Economy, Past and Present, 1976.
  • Against Inflation, 1979.
  • Higher Education Revisited, 1980.
  • "Economics and Political Economy", 1981, AER.
  • A History of Economic Thought: The LSE Lectures, edited by Warren J. Samuels and Steven G. Medema, 1998. Scroll to chapter-preview links.

Family

On 2 August 1924, Robbins married Iris Elizabeth Harris Gardiner, one of the daughters of the journalist and editor Alfred George Gardiner.[35] They had a daughter and a son; Ann and Richard.[36] His daughter married Christopher Louis McIntosh Johnson in 1958. His son was an artist and sculptor; the LSE has a bust of Lionel Robbins which was made by his son.[37]

See also

References
  1. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  2. Howson, Susan. "Robbins, Lionel Charles, Baron Robbins". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/31612. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  3. Pole, J. R. "Robbins , Caroline (1903–1999)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/72015. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  5. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–48. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  6. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  7. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37, 55, 58. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  8. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  9. Pimlott, Ben (1985). Hugh Dalton. Macmillan. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-333-41251-0.
  10. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  11. Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 7. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
  12. Robbins, An Essay on the nature and significance of Economic Science, p. 15
  13. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  14. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35 and 202. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  15. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  16. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. p. 660. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  17. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–55, 74. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  18. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  19. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  20. Skidelsky, Robert (1994). John Maynard Keynes: The economist as saviour, 1920-1937. Papermac. pp. 375–377. ISBN 978-0-333-58499-6.
  21. Pimlott, Ben (1985). Hugh Dalton. Macmillan. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-333-41251-0.
  22. The Economic Problem in Peace and War – Some Reflections on Objectives and Mechanisms], Read Books, 2007 (1st ed. 1947), pp. 68 "."
  23. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  24. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  25. Skidelsky, Robert (1983). John Maynard Keynes. 1, Hopes Betrayed, 1883–1920. Macmillan. p. 64 note.
  26. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  27. "No. 36544". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 June 1944. p. 2568.
  28. "No. 41740". The London Gazette. 16 June 1959. p. 3912.
  29. "No. 44484". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1968. p. 25.
  30. webperson@hw.ac.uk. "Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh: Honorary Graduates". www1.hw.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
  31. "LSE: A Landmark Library". Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  32. "NTU: Paramedic Science". Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  33. Howson, Susan (30 September 2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-139-50109-5.
  34. Grampp, William D. (April 1972). "Robbins on the History of Development Theory". Economic Development and Cultural Change. 20 (3): 539–553. doi:10.1086/450573. ISSN 0013-0079. S2CID 154513281.
  35. Howson, Susan (2011). Lionel Robbins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 58, 109. ISBN 9781139501095.
  36. Kerr, Peter (18 May 1984). "Lord Robbins, economist, dies; active in the arts and education". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  37. "LSE: Lionel Robbins by Richard Robbins". Retrieved 7 December 2020.

Further reading
  • Howson, Susan. Lionel Robbins. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00244-9.
  • O'Brien, DP (January 1988). Lionel Robbins. MacMillan. ISBN 9781349096855.
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