List of Anglo-Saxon deities

Anglo-Saxon deities are in general poorly attested, and much is inferred about the religion of the Anglo-Saxons from other Germanic peoples. The written record from the period between the Anglo-Saxon invasion of the British Isles to the Christianisation of the Anglo-Saxons is very sparse, and most of what is known comes from later Christian writers such as Bede, whose descriptions can be compared to other Germanic mythologies as well as the extant archaeological evidence. The list below is incomplete but includes brief discussion of the attestation of the deities in question, and should be considered critically.


Major deities
  • Tiw, a sky god and cognate to Norse Tyr, as well as Greek Zeus, Roman Jupiter, Baltic Dievs/Dievas and Hindu Dyaus. Source of the word 'Tuesday'.
  • Woden, king of the gods and cognate to Norse Odin. Source of the word 'Wednesday'.
  • Thunor, god of thunder and cognate to Norse Thor and source of the word 'Thursday'.
  • Frig, the wife of Woden and source of the word 'Friday'.
  • Ing, possibly another name for the Norse 'Freyr'.

Poorly attested deities
  • Eostre, listed by Bede, and purported source of the word 'Easter'.
  • Erce, the 'Mother of Earth' cited in the Æcerbot charm.
  • Hreða, also Hrethe or Rheda, listed by Bede.

Putative deities inferred from other sources
  • Wyrd, the Anglo-Saxon concept of fate.
  • Beowa, a figure associated with barley and possibly conflated with Beowulf.

The following are cognate to deities known to have been worshipped by other Germanic peoples, and are also related to the sources of names of weekdays:

  • Siȝel - the Old English for 'sun', a goddess in related religions, and sister of the moon god.
  • Mone - the Old English for 'moon', a god in related religions, and brother of the sun goddess.

Putative deities mentioned in king lists
  • Bældæg, son of Woden, mentioned in the king-list of Bernicia, possibly identified with Baldur by Snorri.
  • Seaxneat, patron deity of the Saxons.
  • Wecta, mentioned in multiple king-lists, possible cognate of Vegdeg, a son of Woden.

Other supernatural figures
  • Modra, the 'Mothers', whose festival 'Modraniht' is mentioned by Bede. Possibly connected to the Matres and Matronae, and the Norns.
  • Nicors, water spirits attested in Beowulf with apparent cognates in other Germanic languages as well as modern dialectal knucker.
  • Wælcyrge, cognate with Norse Valkyries, which may have been imported from Norse mythology.

References
  • Wilson, David (1992). Anglo-Saxon Paganism. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415018975.
  • Leeming, David (2005). Oxford Companion to World Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190288884.

Further reading
  • Doyle White, Ethan. "The Goddess Frig: Reassessing an Anglo-Saxon Deity." Preternature: Critical and Historical Studies on the Preternatural 3, no. 2 (2014): 284-310. doi:10.5325/preternature.3.2.0284.
  • Jesch, Judith. "The Norse Gods in England and the Isle of Man." In Myths, Legends, and Heroes: Essays on Old Norse and Old English Literature, edited by Anlezark Daniel, 11-24. Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press, 2011. www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442662056.5.
  • Meaney, A. L. "Woden in England: A Reconsideration of the Evidence." Folklore 77, no. 2 (1966): 105-15. Accessed May 25, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/1258536.
  • Ryan, J. S. "Othin in England: Evidence from the Poetry for a Cult of Woden in Anglo-Saxon England." Folklore 74, no. 3 (1963): 460-80. www.jstor.org/stable/1259026.
  • Stanley, Eric Gerald. "The Gods Themselves." In Imagining the Anglo-Saxon Past: The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism and Anglo-Saxon Trial by Jury, 77-84. Woodbridge, Suffolk; Rochester, NY: Boydell & Brewer, 2000. doi:10.7722/j.ctt81h08.14.
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