List of Chinese treaty ports

In the 19th and early 20th century, these were the treaty ports in China.

I. Northern ports

PortTreatyOpen DateClosed DateChinese Population
New-chwang, in the imperial Shen-king province, in Manchuriain accordance with the British Treaty of T'ien-tsin, 1858;custom office opened 9 May 1864;74,000
Ching-wang-tao, in Chi-li province, also in Manchuriain accordance with an imperial decree, 31 March 1898opened 15 December 19015,000
T'ien-tsin, also in Chi-liin accordance with the British and French Peking Conventions, 1860opened May, 1861750,000
Che-fu, in Shang-tungin accordance with British and French treaties of T'ien-tsin, 1858;opened March, 1862100,000
Kiao-chou, also in Shang-tungGerman Convention 6 March 1898opened 1 July 1899.

II. Yangtze River ports

PortTreatyOpen DateClosed DateChinese Population
Ch'ung-k'ing, in Sze-ch'wan provinceopened November 1890702,000
I-ch'ang, in Hu-pein accordance with Che-fu Convention, 1876opened 1 April 187750,000
Sha-shi, also in Hu-petreaty of Shimoneseki 1895opened 1 October 1876C85,000
Chang-sha, in Hu-nanopened 1 July 1904230,000
Yo-chou, also in Hu-nanimperial decree of 31 March 1898opened 13 November 189920,000
Han-kou, also in Hu-peprovincial regulations, 1861opened January 1862530,000
Kiu-kiang, in Kiang-sisame regulationsopened January 186236,000
Wu-hu, in Ngan-hweiChe-fu Convention, 1876opened 1 April 1877123,000
Nan-king, in Kiang-suFrench Treaty of T'ien-tsin, 1858opened 1 May 1899261,000
Chin-kiang, also in Kiang-suBritish Treaty, 1858opened April, 1861170,000

III. Central ports

PortTreatyOpen DateClosed DateChinese Population
Shanghai, in Kiang-su provinceNan-king Treaty, 1842opened officially 17 November 1843651,000
Su-chou, also in Kiang-suShimonoseki Treatyopened 26 September 1896500,000
Hang-chou, in Che-kiangShimonoseki Treatyopened 26 September 1896350,000
Ning-po, in Che-kiangShimonoseki Treatyopened 26 September 1896500,000
Wen-chou, also in Che-kiangChe-Fu Convention, 1876opened April, 187780,000

IV. South Coast ports

PortTreatyOpen DateClosed DateChinese Population
San-tuao, in Fu-kien provinceimperial decree of 31 March 1898opened 1 May 18998000
Fu-chou, also in Fu-kienNan-king Treaty, 1842opened July, 1861624,000
Amoy, also in Fu-kienNan-king Treaty 1842;opened April, 1862114,000
Canton = Kanton, in the homonymous province Kwang-tungNan-king Treaty, 1842opened October 1859900,000
Kow-loon, also in Kwang-tung;opened April, 1887
Lappa, again in Kwang-tungopened 27 June 1871
Kong-moon, in Kwang-tungopened 7 March 1904;55,000
San-shui, also in Kwang-tungAnglo-Chinese Convention, 4 February 1897opened 4 June 18975000
Swatow, also in Kwang-tungEnglish, French, and American Treaty of T'ien-tsin, 1858opened January 1860;65,000
Wu-chou, in Kwang-sisame conventionopened 4 June 1897;59,000
Kiung-chou (Hoy-hou), on? Hai-nan *, in? Kwang-tungFrench, and English Treaties of T'ien-tsin, 1858opened April, 187638,000
Pak-hoi| also in Kwang-tungChe-fu Convention, 1876opened April, 1877;20,000

V. Frontier ports

PortTreatyOpen DateClosed DatePopulation
Lung-chou, in Kwang-si provinceFrench Treaty, 25 June 1887opened 1 June 189912,000
Meng-tze, in Yun-nanFrench Treaty, 1887opened 30 April 188915,000
Sze-mao, also in Yun-nanFrench Convention, 1895; British, 1896opened 2 January 189715,000
Ten-yueh or Momein, also in Yun-nanConvention of 4 February 1897opened 8 May 1902;10,000
Ya-tung, in (?) Tibetopened 1 May 1894
Nan-ning, also in Kwang-siopened by imperial decree, 3 February 1899, but had not (yet?) a customs office.

According to the customs statistics, 6,917,000 Chinese inhabited the treaty ports in 1906. The foreign population included 1837 firms and 38,597 persons, mainly Europeans (British 9356, French 2189, German 1939, Portuguese 3184, Italians 786, Spaniards 389, Belgians 297, Austrians 236, Russians 273, Danes 209, Dutch 225, Norwegians 185, Swedes 135), Americans 3447, Brazilians 16, Japanese 15,548, Koreans 47, subjects of non-treaty powers 236.

See also

References

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "China". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Further reading

  • Bracken, Gregory. "Treaty Ports in China: Their Genesis, Development, and Influence." Journal of Urban History (2019), Vol. 45 Issue 1, pp 168-176. online
  • Nield, Robert. "The China Coast: Trade and the First Treaty Ports". Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Co, 2010
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