List of Falconidae

IUCN Red List categories
Conservation status
EX	Extinct (2 species)
EW	Extinct in the wild (0 species)
CR	Critically endangered (0 species)
EN	Endangered (2 species)
VU	Vulnerable (5 species)
NT	Near threatened (8 species)
LC	Least concern (49 species)
Other categories
DD	Data deficient (0 species)
NE	Not evaluated (1 species)

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey and includes caracaras, laughing falcon, forest falcons, falconets, pygmy falcons, falcons and kestrels. They are small to medium-sized birds of prey, ranging in size from the black-thighed falconet, which can weigh as little as 35 grams (1.2 oz), to the gyrfalcon, which can weigh as much as 1,735 grams (61.2 oz). They have strongly hooked bills, sharply curved talons and excellent eyesight. The plumage is usually composed of browns, whites, chestnut, black and grey, often with barring of patterning. There is little difference in the plumage of males and females, although a few species have some sexual dimorphism in boldness of plumage. They differ from other Falconiformes in killing with their beaks instead of their talons. They have a "tooth" on the side of their beak for the purpose.

They are classified in eleven genera and 67 species of which two are extinct.

Conventions

Conservation statuses listed for each species follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. The symbol indicates that the species's population trend is positive, the symbol indicates that the species's population trend is negative, the symbol indicates that the species's population is stable, and the ? symbol indicates that the species's population trend is unknown. Population trends are based on the Red List of Threatened Species. The super-scripted "IUCN" tag is a link to that species's Red List of Threatened Species page. If a species has taxonomic synonyms, a list of these is provided in the "Scientific name" column, underneath the binomial name and author. If a species has subspecies, a list of these is provided in the "Common name" column, underneath the common name.

Classification

Family: Falconidae

Subfamily Polyborinae
- Genus Daptrius – black caracara
- Genus Ibycter – red-throated caracara (sometimes included in Daptrius)
- Genus Phalcoboenus (4 species) – Andean and southern South American caracaras
- Genus Caracara – crested caracaras (2 living species, 1 extinct)
- Genus Milvago – brown caracaras (2 species)
- Genus Micrastur – forest falcons (7 species)
Subfamily Falconinae
- Genus Herpetotheres – laughing falcon
- Genus Spiziapteryx – spot-winged falconet
- Genus Polihierax – pygmy falcons (2 species, includes Neohierax)
- Genus Microhierax – typical falconets (5 species)
- Genus Falco – true falcons, hobbies and kestrels (around 37 species)

Following list of Falconidae is based on International Ornithological Congress' World Bird List.[1]

Subfamily Polyborinae

Traditionally, subfamily Polyborinae comprises caracaras and forest falcons which are principally birds of South and Central America.[2] They are classified in six genera and 18 species of which one is extinct since 1906.[3] Unlike the Falco falcons in the same family, caracaras in the five relevant genera are not fast-flying aerial hunters, but are comparatively slow and are often scavengers (a notable exception being the red-throated caracara).

Genus Daptrius

Genus Daptrius Vieillot, 1816 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Black caracara	D. ater Vieillot, 1816	aLC^IUCN	South America: Amazonia

Genus Ibycter

Genus Ibycter Vieillot, 1816 – 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Red-throated caracara	I. americanus (Boddaert, 1783) Synonyms: Falco americanus Boddaert, 1783 Daptrius americanus (Boddaert, 1783)	aLC^IUCN	Central & South America : Southern Mexico to southern Brazil

Genus Phalcoboenus

Genus Phalcoboenus d'Orbigny, 1834 - 4 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range
Carunculated caracara	P. carunculatus Des Murs, 1853	aLC^IUCN	South America: Ecuador, southwest Colombia
Mountain caracara	P. megalopterus (Meyen, 1834)	aLC^IUCN	South America: Peru to central Chile
White-throated caracara	P. albogularis (Gould, 1837)	aLC^IUCN	South America: Southern Chile, southern Argentina
Striated caracara	P. australis (Gmelin, 1788)	bNT^IUCN	South America: Southern islands

Genus Caracara

Genus Caracara Merrem, 1826 - 3 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Guadalupe caracara (Mourning caracara)	C. lutosa† (Ridgway, 1876) Synonyms: Polyborus plancus lutosus Caracara plancus lutosus Polyborus lutosus Caracara lutosus	aEX^IUCN	Guadalupe Island, Mexico Extinct probably since 1906[3]
Crested caracara (Carancho) (Carcará)	C. plancus (Miller, 1777) Synonyms: Polyborus plancus Miller, 1777	aLC^IUCN

Genus Milvago

Genus Milvago Spix, 1824 - 2 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Yellow-headed caracara Subspecies:[lower-alpha 1] M. c. cordata Bangs & Penard, TE, 1918 M. c. chimachima (Vieillot, 1816)	M. chimachima (Vieillot, 1816) Synonyms: Polyborus chimachima (Vieillot, 1816) Falco readei (Brodkorb, 1959) Milvago readei (Brodkorb, 1959)	aLC^IUCN	Central & South America: Costa Rica to northern Argentina
Chimango caracara Subspecies:[lower-alpha 2] M. c. chimango Vieillot, 1816 M. c. temucoensis W.L. Sclater, 1918)	M. chimango (Vieillot, 1816) Synonyms: Phalcoboenus chimango Ridgway, 1876	aLC^IUCN	South America : Southern Cone

Genus Micrastur

Forest falcons are endemic to the Americas. They are classified as 7 species in one genus. They are adapted for agility in thick cover rather than outright speed in the open air. They have short wings, long tails, and extraordinarily acute hearing. While generally visually inconspicuous, their songs are commonly heard.[4]

Genus Micrastur G.R. Gray, 1841 - 7 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range
Barred forest falcon Subspecies:[lower-alpha 3] M. r. guerilla Cassin, 1848 M. r. interstes Bangs, 1907 M. r. zonothrax (Cabanis, 1866) M. r. concentricus (Lesson, 1830) M. r. ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817) M. r. olrogi Amadon, 1964	M. ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)	aLC^IUCN	Central & South America: Southern Mexico to northern Argentina
Plumbeous forest falcon	M. plumbeus W.L. Sclater, 1918	cVU^IUCN	Central & South America: Southwestern Colombia, northwestern Ecuador
Lined forest falcon	M. gilvicollis (Vieillot, 1817)	aLC^IUCN	South America: Amazon rainforest
Cryptic forest falcon	M. mintoni Whittaker, 2003	aLC^IUCN	South America: From eastern Amazon rainforest south to Bolivia
Slaty-backed forest falcon	M. mirandollei (Schlegel, 1862)	aLC^IUCN	Central & South America: Costa Rica to eastern Brazil
Collared forest falcon Subspecies:[lower-alpha 4] M. s. naso (Lesson, 1830) M. s. semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817)	M. semitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817)	aLC^IUCN	Central & South America: Central Mexico to northern Argentina
Buckley's forest falcon	M. buckleyi Swann, 1919	aLC^IUCN	South America: Western Amazon rainforest

Subfamily Falconinae

Genus Herpethotheres

Genus Herpetotheres Vieillot, 1817 - 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Laughing falcon (Snake hawk)[lower-alpha 5] Subspecies:[lower-alpha 6] H. c. cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) H. c. fulvescens Chapman, 1915	H. cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms: Falco cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) Falco sufflator (Linnaeus, 1758)	aLC^IUCN	Central & South America: from Mexico to northern Argentina

Genus Spiziapteryx

Genus Spiziapteryx Kaup, 1852 - 1 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Spot-winged falconet	S. circumcincta (Kaup, 1852) Synonyms: 'Harpagus curcumcinctus' (Kaup, 1852)	aLC^IUCN

Genus Polihierax

Genus Polihierax Kaup, 1847 - 2 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range	Picture
Pygmy falcon (African pygmy falcon) Subspecies:[lower-alpha 7] P. s. castanonotus (Heuglin, 1860) P. s. semitorquatus (Smith, 1836)	P. semitorquatus (Smith, 1836)	aLC^IUCN
White-rumped falcon (White-rumped pygmy falcon) (White-rumped falconet) (Fielden's falconet) (Burmese pigmy falcon) Subspecies:[lower-alpha 8] P. i. insignis Walden, 1872 P. i. cinereiceps Baker, 1927 P. i. harmandi (Oustalet, 1876)	P. insignis Walden, 1872[lower-alpha 9] Synonyms: 'Neohierax insignis' (Walden, 1872)	bNT^IUCN

Genus Microhierax

Genus Microhierax Sharpe, 1874 - 5 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status
Collared falconet Subspecies:[lower-alpha 10] M. c. caerulescens Linnaeus, 1758 M. c. burmanicus Swann, 1920	M. caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms: 'Falco caerulescens' (Linnaeus, 1758)	aLC^IUCN
Black-thighed falconet	M. fringillarius (Drapiez, 1824)	aLC^IUCN
White-fronted falconet (Bornean falconet)	M. latifrons Sharpe, 1879	bNT^IUCN
Philippine falconet Subspecies:[lower-alpha 11] M. e. erythrogenys (Vigors, 1831) M. e. meridionalis Ogilvie-Grant, 1897	M. erythrogenys (Vigors, 1831)	aLC^IUCN
Pied falconet	M. melanoleucos (Blyth, 1843) Synonyms: 'Microhierax melanoleucus' (Blyth, 1843)[lower-alpha 12]	aLC^IUCN

Genus Falco

Falcons are roughly divisible into three or four groups. The first contains the kestrels (probably excepting the American kestrel); the second group contains slightly larger (on average) and more elegant species, the hobbies and relatives. Third are the peregrine falcon and its relatives: variably sized powerful birds which also have a black malar area (except some very light color morphs), and often a black cap also. Very similar to these and sometimes included therein are the four or so species of hierofalcons (literally, "hawk-falcons").

Genus Falco Linnaeus, 1758 - 40 species

Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List Status	Range
Lesser kestrel	F. naumanni Fleischer, 1818	aLC^IUCN
Common kestrel (European kestrel) (Eurasian kestrel) (Old World kestrel) Subspecies:[lower-alpha 13] F. t. tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758 F. t. perpallidus (Clark, 1907) F. t. interstinctus McClelland, 1840 F. t. objurgatus (Baker, 1929) F. t. canariensis (Koenig, 1890) F. t. dacotiae Hartert, 1913 F. t. neglectus Schlegel, 1873 F. t. alexandri Bourne, 1955 F. t. rupicolaeformis (C. L. Brehm, 1855) F. t. archeri (Hartert & Neumann, 1932) F. t. rufescens Swainson, 1837	F. tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms: F. t. interstictus[lower-alpha 14]	aLC^IUCN
Rock kestrel	F. rupicolus[lower-alpha 15] Daudin, 1800	iNE	Southern Africa
Malagasy kestrel (Madagascar kestrel) (Malagasy spotted kestrel) (Newton's kestrel) (Madagascar spotted kestrel) Subspecies:[lower-alpha 16] F. n. newtoni Gurney, 1863 F. n. aldabranus Grote, 1928	F. newtoni Gurney, 1863	aLC^IUCN	Madagascar, Aldabra Island
Mauritius kestrel	F. punctatus Temminck, 1821	dEN^IUCN	Mauritius
Reunion kestrel	F. duboisi† Cowles, 1994	aEX^IUCN	Réunion, extinct since c.1700
Seychelles kestrel	F. araea (Oberholser, 1917)	cVU^IUCN	Seychelles Islands
Spotted kestrel (Moluccan kestrel) Subspecies:[lower-alpha 17] F. m. moluccensis Bonaparte, 1850 F. m. microbalius Oberholser, 1917	F. moluccensis (Bonaparte, 1850)	aLC^IUCN	Moluccas, Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, Java and Bali
Nankeen kestrel Subspecies:[lower-alpha 18] F. c. baru Rand, 1940 F. c. cenchroides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827	F. cenchroides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827	aLC^IUCN	Widespread in Australia
American kestrel Subspecies:[lower-alpha 19] F. s. sparverius Linnaeus, 1758 F. s. paulus (Howe & King, L, 1902) F. s. peninsularis Mearns, 1892 F. s. tropicalis (Griscom, 1930) F. s. nicaraguensis Howell, 1965 F. s. sparverioides Vigors, 1827 F. s. dominicensis Gmelin, 1788 F. s. caribaearum Gmelin, 1788 F. s. brevipennis Berlepsch, 1892) F. s. isabellinus Swainson, 1838 F. s. ochraceus (Cory, 1915) F. s. caucae (Chapman, 1915) F. s. aequatorialis Mearns, 1892 F. s. peruvianus (Cory, 1915) F. s. cinnamominus Swainson, 1838 F. s. fernandensis (Chapman, 1915) F. s. cearae (Cory, 1915)	F. sparverius Linnaeus, 1758	aLC^IUCN
Greater kestrel (White-eyed kestrel) Subspecies:[lower-alpha 20] F. r. fieldi (Elliot, 1897) F. r. arthuri (Gurney, 1884) F. r. rupicoloides Smith, 1829	F. rupicoloides Smith, 1829	aLC^IUCN
Fox kestrel	F. alopex (Heuglin, 1861)	aLC^IUCN	Mauritania, Senegal and Gambia to Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya
Grey kestrel	F. ardosiaceus Vieillot, 1823	aLC^IUCN	Senegal and Gambia to Ethiopia south to Tanzania and west to Angola and Namibia
Dickinson's kestrel (White-rumped kestrel)	F. dickinsoni Sclater, 1864	aLC^IUCN	Angola and Namibia to central Kenya and northern Mozambique
Banded kestrel (Madagascar banded kestrel) (Barred kestrel) (Madagascar barred kestrel)	F. zoniventris Peters, 1854	aLC^IUCN	Madagascar
Red-necked falcon Subspecies:[lower-alpha 21] F. c. chicquera Daudin, 1800 F. c. ruficollis Swainson, 1837 F. c. horsbrughi Gunning & Roberts, 1911	F. chicquera Daudin, 1800 Synonyms: Turumtia chicquera Blyth, 1863[5] Chicquera typus Bonaparte,1854 Aesalon chicquera Blanford, 1895	bNT^IUCN
Red-footed falcon	F. vespertinus Linnaeus, 1766	bNT^IUCN
Amur falcon	F. amurensis Radde, 1863	aLC^IUCN	Eastern Asia, southeastern Africa
Eleonora's falcon	F. eleonorae Gené, 1839	aLC^IUCN	Southern Europe and also northern Africa, eastern Africa, Madagascar
Sooty falcon	F. concolor Temminck, 1825	cVU^IUCN
Aplomado falcon Subspecies:[lower-alpha 22] F. f. septentrionalis Todd, 1916 F. f. femoralis Temminck, 1822 F. f. pichinchae Chapman, 1925	F. femoralis Temminck, 1822	aLC^IUCN	Widespread in Central & South America
Merlin Subspecies:[lower-alpha 23] F. c. subaesalon Brehm, 1827 F. c. aesalon Tunstall, 1771 F. c. insignis (Clark, 1907) F. c. pacificus (Stegmann, 1929) F. c. pallidus (Sushkin, 1900) F. c. lymani Bangs, 1913 F. c. columbarius Linnaeus, 1758 F. c. suckleyi Ridgway, 1874 F. c. richardsonii Ridgway, 1871	F. columbarius Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms: Aesalon columbarius (Linnaeus, 1758) F. aesalon Tunstall, 1771	aLC^IUCN
Bat falcon Subspecies:[lower-alpha 24] F. r. petoensis Chubb, 1918 F. r. rufigularis Daudin, 1800 F. r. ophryophanes (Salvadori, 1895)	F. rufigularis Daudin, 1800 Synonyms: F. albigularis Daudin, 1800 F. fuscocaerulescens Vieillot, 1817 (modern spelling) F. fusco-coerulescens Vieillot, 1817 (original spelling)	aLC^IUCN	Northern Mexico to northeastern Argentina
Orange-breasted falcon	F. deiroleucus Temminck, 1825	bNT^IUCN	Southern Mexico to northeastern Argentina
Eurasian hobby Subspecies:[lower-alpha 25] F. s. subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758 F. s. streichi Hartert & Neumann, 1907	F. subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758	aLC^IUCN
African hobby	F. cuvierii Smith, 1830	aLC^IUCN	Eastern, central, western and southeastern Africa
Oriental hobby	F. severus Horsfield, 1821	aLC^IUCN	Northwestern India to Solomon Islands
Australian hobby (Little falcon) Subspecies:[lower-alpha 26] F. l. hanieli Hellmayr, 1914 F. l. longipennis Swainson, 1838 F. l. murchisonianus Mathews, 1912	F. longipennis Swainson, 18371	aLC^IUCN	Widespread in Australia
New Zealand falcon	F. novaeseelandiae Gmelin, 1788	bNT^IUCN	Widespread in New Zealand
Brown falcon Subspecies:[lower-alpha 27] F. b. novaeguineae (Meyer, AB, 1894) F. b. berigora Vigors & Horsfield, 1827	F. berigora Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Synonyms: Asturaetus furcillatus De Vis, 1906 Plioaetus furcillatus (De Vis, 1906)	aLC^IUCN	Widespread in Australia
Grey falcon	F. hypoleucos Gould, 1841	cVU^IUCN	Australia
Black falcon	F. subniger Gray, 1843	aLC^IUCN	Australia
Lanner falcon Subspecies:[lower-alpha 28] F. b. feldeggii Schlegel, 1843 F. b. erlangeri Kleinschmidt, 1901 F. b. tanypterus Schlegel, 1843 F. b. abyssinicus Neumann, 1904 F. b. biarmicus Temminck, 1825	F. biarmicus Temminck, 1825 Synonyms: F. feldeggii Schlegel, 1841 F. lanarius Linnaeus, 1758	aLC^IUCN
Laggar falcon	F. jugger J.E. Gray, 1834	bNT^IUCN	Pakistan to Burma, India
Saker falcon Subspecies:[lower-alpha 29] F. c. cherrug Gray, JE, 1834 F. c. coatsi Dementiev, 1945 F. c. hendersoni Hume, 1871 F. c. milvipes Jerdon, 1871	F. cherrug Gray, 1834 Synonyms: F. altaicus (Menzbier, 1891) Hierofalco altaicus Menzbier, 1891	dEN^IUCN	Central and southern Europe, northeastern Africa and northern Asia
Gyrfalcon	F. rusticolus Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms: F. arcticus Holbøll, 1843 F. candicans Gmelin, 1788 F. gyrfalco Linnaeus, 1758 F. islandus Brünnich, 1764 F. obsoletus Gmelin, 1788 F. rusticolus candicans Gmelin, 1788 F. rusticolus grebnitzkii (Severtzov, 1885) F. rusticolus intermedius Gloger, 1834 F. rusticolus islandus Brünnich, 1764 F. rusticolus obsoletus Gmelin, 1788 F. rusticolus rusticolus Linnaeus, 1758 F. swarthi L.H. Miller, 1927 Hierofalco grebnitzkii Severtzov, 1885) Hierofalco islandus (Brünnich, 1764) Hierofalco rusticolus (Linnaeus, 1758) Hierofalco rusticolus candicans (Gmelin, 1788)	aLC^IUCN	Arctic coasts of Northern America, Europe and Asia
Prairie falcon	F. mexicanus Schlegel, 1850 Synonyms: Gennaia mexicana Hierofalco mexicanus	aLC^IUCN	North America
Peregrine falcon	Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771	aLC^IUCN	Widespread worldwide
Barbary falcon	Falco pelegrinoides Temminck, 1829	aLC^IUCN	Southwestern Europe and northern Africa
Taita falcon	Falco fasciinucha Reichenow & Neumann, 1895	cVU^IUCN	Eastern and southeastern Africa

Notes

M. c. cordata southern Costa Rica through South America to the north of the Amazon; M. c. chimachima from south of the Amazon to northern Argentina
M. c. chimango from southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay to central Argentina and Chile; M. c. temucoensis from southern Argentina and Chile to Tierra del Fuego
M. r. guerilla from Mexico to Nicaragua; M. r. interstes from Costa Rica to western Colombia and Ecuador; M. r. zonothrax from eastern Colombia and northern Venezuela south to Bolivia; M. r. concentricus southern Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonia; M. r. ruficollis eastern Brazil, Paraguay, north Argentina; M. r. olrogi northwestern Argentina
M. s. naso from Mexico to nortwestern Peru; M. s. semitorquatus from eastern Colombia through the Guianas and Brazil to northern Argentina
Erroneously called "snake hawk", since it is not a hawk
H. c. cachinnans from Mexico through central and eastern South America to northern Argentina; H. c. fulvescens from eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia to northwestern Peru
P. s. castanonotus from southern Sudan and Ethiopia to central Tanzania; P. s. semitorquatus from southern Angola to northwestern South Africa
P. i. insignis western and central Myanmar; P. i. cinereiceps southern Myanmar and northwestern Thailand; P. i. harmandi Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia
It is sometimes placed in its own monotypic genus Neohierax
M. c. caerulescens northern India and Nepal; M. c. burmanicus from Myanmar to Indochina
M. e. erythrogenys northern Philippines; M. e. meridionalis southern Philippines
Error in species
F. t. tinnunculus from Europe and northwestern Africa to Siberia; F. t. perpallidus from northeastern Siberia to northeastern China and Korea;F. t. interstinctus from Himalayas to Japan and Indochina; F. t. objurgatus southern India, Sri Lanka; F. t. canariensis Madeira and western Canary Islands; F. t. dacotiae eastern Canary Islands; F. t. neglectus northern Cape Verde Island; F. t. alexandri southern Cape Verde Island; F. t. rupicolaeformis northeastern Africa and Arabia; F. t. archeri Socotra Island, Somalia, northeastern Kenya; F. t. rufescens from West Africa to Ethiopia south to northern Angola and Tanzania
lapsus
Falco rupicolus is split from F. tinnunculus ( Hockey, Dean & Ryan, eds. 2005)
F. n. newtoni Madagascar; F. n. aldabranus Aldabra and Anjouan Islands
F. m. moluccensis northern and southern Moluccas; F. m. microbalius Java to Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi and Tanimbar Islands
F. c. baru Snow Mountains (New Guinea); F. c. cenchroides Australia, Tasmania, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Islands
F. s. sparverius Alaska and Canada through the USA to western Mexico; F. s. paulus southeastern USA; F. s. peninsularis northwestern Mexico; F. s. tropicalis southern Mexico to northern Honduras; F. s. nicaraguensis northwesternw Honduras, Nicaragua; F. s. sparverioides Bahamas, Cuba; F. s. dominicensis Hispaniola; F. s. caribaearum Puerto Rico to Grenada (West Indies); F. s. brevipennis Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles); F. s. isabellinus eastern Venezuela, the Guianas, northern Brazil;F. s. ochraceus eastern Colombia, northwestern Venezuela; F. s. caucae western Colombia; F. s. aequatorialis northern Ecuador; F. s. peruvianus southwestern Ecuador, Peru, northern Chile; F. s. cinnamominus southeastern Peru to Paraguay, southeastern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) and Tierra del Fuego; F. s. fernandensis Alejandro Selkirk and Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile); F. s. cearae southern Brazil
F. r. fieldi northeastern Ethiopia, northern Somalia, northern Kenya; F. r. arthuri central and southern Kenya, northeastern Tanzania; F. r. rupicoloides southern Angola to southwestern Zambia south to South Africa
F. c. chicquera southeastern Iran through India to Bangladesh; F. c. ruficollis Senegal to western Ethiopia, eastern Africa to northeastern Zimbabwe and central Mozambique; F. c. horsbrughi Namibia, Botswana, western Zimbabwe and northern, northwestern South Africa
F. f. septentrionalis southwwstern USA to Honduras; F. f. femoralis Nicaragua through South America to Tierra del Fuego; F. f. pichinchae Andes from Colombia to northern Chile and northwestern Argentina
F. c. subaesalon Iceland; F. c. aesalon Europe to northwestern Siberia; F. c. insignis northern and central Siberia; F. c. pacificus northeastern Asia; F. c. pallidus steppes of western and central Asia; F. c. lymani mountains of eastern and central Asia; 'F. c. columbarius Alaska to Newfoundland to northern USA; F. c. suckleyi southeastern Alaska to northern Washington (USA); F. c. richardsonii central and southern Canada to northern central USA
F. r. petoensis Mexico to western Ecuador; F. r. rufigularis eastern Colombia through the Guianas to southern Brazil and northeastern Argentina; F. r. ophryophanes eastern Bolivia to southern Brazil, Paraguay and northwestern Argentina
F. s. subbuteo Europe to Japan to northern India and central China; F. s. streichi Myanmar to southern China and northern Indochina
F. l. hanieli Lesser Sundas; F. l. longipennis southwestern and southeeastern Australia, Tasmania; F. l. murchisonianus Australia except southwestern and southeastern
F. b. novaeguineae central and eastern New Guinea, coastal northern Australia; F. b. berigora Australia (except coastal north) and Tasmania
F. b. feldeggii Italy to Turkey, Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran; F. b. erlangeri northwestern Africa; F. b. tanypterus northeastern Africa to Arabia, Israel and Iraq; F. b. abyssinicus southern Mauritania to Ethiopia and Somalia south to Cameroon and northern Kenya; F. b. biarmicus Democratic Republic of the Congo to southern Kenya south to South Africa
F. c. cherrug central Europe to southern central Siberia and northern Kazakhstan; F. c. coatsi central Asia to southern Siberia and northern China; F. c. hendersoni western and southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan; F. c. milvipes Himalayas to Tibet

References

Gill, Donsker & Rasmussen 2020.
Myers, P. R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. "Subfamily Polyborinae (caracaras and forest falcons)". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
Thayer & Bangs 1908.
"Master List: Raptors". IOC World Birld List. International Ornithological Congress. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
"Catalogue of the Birds of India, with remarks on their geographical description". Ibis. 5 (17): 1–31. 1863. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1863.tb06042.x.

Bibliography

Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P, eds. (2020). "Seriemas, falcons". IOC World Bird List (v10.1). doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.10.1. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
Thayer, John; Bangs, Outram (1908). "The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island" (PDF). Condor. 10 (3): 101–106. doi:10.2307/1360977. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-05.

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[4] M. c. cordata southern Costa Rica through South America to the north of the Amazon; M. c. chimachima from south of the Amazon to northern Argentina

[5] M. c. chimango from southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay to central Argentina and Chile; M. c. temucoensis from southern Argentina and Chile to Tierra del Fuego

[7] M. r. guerilla from Mexico to Nicaragua; M. r. interstes from Costa Rica to western Colombia and Ecuador; M. r. zonothrax from eastern Colombia and northern Venezuela south to Bolivia; M. r. concentricus southern Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonia; M. r. ruficollis eastern Brazil, Paraguay, north Argentina; M. r. olrogi northwestern Argentina

[8] M. s. naso from Mexico to nortwestern Peru; M. s. semitorquatus from eastern Colombia through the Guianas and Brazil to northern Argentina

[9] Erroneously called "snake hawk", since it is not a hawk

[10] H. c. cachinnans from Mexico through central and eastern South America to northern Argentina; H. c. fulvescens from eastern Panama and northwestern Colombia to northwestern Peru

[11] P. s. castanonotus from southern Sudan and Ethiopia to central Tanzania; P. s. semitorquatus from southern Angola to northwestern South Africa

[12] P. i. insignis western and central Myanmar; P. i. cinereiceps southern Myanmar and northwestern Thailand; P. i. harmandi Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia

[13] It is sometimes placed in its own monotypic genus Neohierax

[14] M. c. caerulescens northern India and Nepal; M. c. burmanicus from Myanmar to Indochina

[15] M. e. erythrogenys northern Philippines; M. e. meridionalis southern Philippines

[16] Error in species

[17] F. t. tinnunculus from Europe and northwestern Africa to Siberia; F. t. perpallidus from northeastern Siberia to northeastern China and Korea;F. t. interstinctus from Himalayas to Japan and Indochina; F. t. objurgatus southern India, Sri Lanka; F. t. canariensis Madeira and western Canary Islands; F. t. dacotiae eastern Canary Islands; F. t. neglectus northern Cape Verde Island; F. t. alexandri southern Cape Verde Island; F. t. rupicolaeformis northeastern Africa and Arabia; F. t. archeri Socotra Island, Somalia, northeastern Kenya; F. t. rufescens from West Africa to Ethiopia south to northern Angola and Tanzania

[18] lapsus

[19] Falco rupicolus is split from F. tinnunculus ( Hockey, Dean & Ryan, eds. 2005)

[20] F. n. newtoni Madagascar; F. n. aldabranus Aldabra and Anjouan Islands

[21] F. m. moluccensis northern and southern Moluccas; F. m. microbalius Java to Lesser Sundas, Sulawesi and Tanimbar Islands

[22] F. c. baru Snow Mountains (New Guinea); F. c. cenchroides Australia, Tasmania, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Islands

[23] F. s. sparverius Alaska and Canada through the USA to western Mexico; F. s. paulus southeastern USA; F. s. peninsularis northwestern Mexico; F. s. tropicalis southern Mexico to northern Honduras; F. s. nicaraguensis northwesternw Honduras, Nicaragua; F. s. sparverioides Bahamas, Cuba; F. s. dominicensis Hispaniola; F. s. caribaearum Puerto Rico to Grenada (West Indies); F. s. brevipennis Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles); F. s. isabellinus eastern Venezuela, the Guianas, northern Brazil;F. s. ochraceus eastern Colombia, northwestern Venezuela; F. s. caucae western Colombia; F. s. aequatorialis northern Ecuador; F. s. peruvianus southwestern Ecuador, Peru, northern Chile; F. s. cinnamominus southeastern Peru to Paraguay, southeastern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) and Tierra del Fuego; F. s. fernandensis Alejandro Selkirk and Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile); F. s. cearae southern Brazil

[24] F. r. fieldi northeastern Ethiopia, northern Somalia, northern Kenya; F. r. arthuri central and southern Kenya, northeastern Tanzania; F. r. rupicoloides southern Angola to southwestern Zambia south to South Africa

[25] F. c. chicquera southeastern Iran through India to Bangladesh; F. c. ruficollis Senegal to western Ethiopia, eastern Africa to northeastern Zimbabwe and central Mozambique; F. c. horsbrughi Namibia, Botswana, western Zimbabwe and northern, northwestern South Africa

[27] F. f. septentrionalis southwwstern USA to Honduras; F. f. femoralis Nicaragua through South America to Tierra del Fuego; F. f. pichinchae Andes from Colombia to northern Chile and northwestern Argentina

[28] F. c. subaesalon Iceland; F. c. aesalon Europe to northwestern Siberia; F. c. insignis northern and central Siberia; F. c. pacificus northeastern Asia; F. c. pallidus steppes of western and central Asia; F. c. lymani mountains of eastern and central Asia; 'F. c. columbarius Alaska to Newfoundland to northern USA; F. c. suckleyi southeastern Alaska to northern Washington (USA); F. c. richardsonii central and southern Canada to northern central USA

[29] F. r. petoensis Mexico to western Ecuador; F. r. rufigularis eastern Colombia through the Guianas to southern Brazil and northeastern Argentina; F. r. ophryophanes eastern Bolivia to southern Brazil, Paraguay and northwestern Argentina

[30] F. s. subbuteo Europe to Japan to northern India and central China; F. s. streichi Myanmar to southern China and northern Indochina

[31] F. l. hanieli Lesser Sundas; F. l. longipennis southwestern and southeeastern Australia, Tasmania; F. l. murchisonianus Australia except southwestern and southeastern

[32] F. b. novaeguineae central and eastern New Guinea, coastal northern Australia; F. b. berigora Australia (except coastal north) and Tasmania

[33] F. b. feldeggii Italy to Turkey, Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran; F. b. erlangeri northwestern Africa; F. b. tanypterus northeastern Africa to Arabia, Israel and Iraq; F. b. abyssinicus southern Mauritania to Ethiopia and Somalia south to Cameroon and northern Kenya; F. b. biarmicus Democratic Republic of the Congo to southern Kenya south to South Africa

[34] F. c. cherrug central Europe to southern central Siberia and northern Kazakhstan; F. c. coatsi central Asia to southern Siberia and northern China; F. c. hendersoni western and southern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan; F. c. milvipes Himalayas to Tibet

[FOOTNOTEGill,_Donsker_&_Rasmussen2020-1] Gill, Donsker & Rasmussen 2020.

[2] Myers, P. R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. "Subfamily Polyborinae (caracaras and forest falcons)". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 2020-03-17.

[FOOTNOTEThayer_&_Bangs1908-3] Thayer & Bangs 1908.

[IOCrange-6] "Master List: Raptors". IOC World Birld List. International Ornithological Congress. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.

[26] "Catalogue of the Birds of India, with remarks on their geographical description". Ibis. 5 (17): 1–31. 1863. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1863.tb06042.x.