List of Salvadoran coups d'état

This article lists successful and failed coups d'état that have taken place in El Salvador since 1821:

1890s

1890 Salvadoran coup d'état – President Francisco Menéndez was overthrown by General Carlos Ezeta on 22 June 1890.[1]
1894 Salvadoran coup d'état – President Carlos Ezeta was overthrown by 44 rebel leaders on 9 June 1894. The rebels appointed Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez as President.[1][2]
1898 Salvadoran coup d'état – President Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez was overthrown by General Tomás Regalado on 13 November 1898. The coup lead to the dissolution of the Greater Republic of Central America[3]

1930s

1931 Salvadoran coup d'état – President Arturo Araujo was overthrown by the Salvadoran Army on 2 December 1931. The Civic Directory was established and appointed Vice President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez as the country's Acting President on 4 December.[4]

1940s

April 1944 Salvadoran coup d'état attempt – Elements of the Salvadoran Army garrisoned in San Salvador attempted to overthrow President Maximiliano Hernández Martínez on 2 April 1944.[5][6]
May 1944 Salvadoran coup d'état – Civilians protested in the streets of San Salvador against Maximiliano Hernández Martínez's government and forced him to resign on 9 May 1944.[7][6]
October 1944 Salvadoran coup d'état – Provisional President Andrés Ignacio Menéndez was overthrown by General Osmín Aguirre y Salinas on 21 October 1944.[8]
1948 Salvadoran coup d'état – President Salvador Castaneda Castro was overthrown by the Salvadoran Army on 14 December 1948. The Revolutionary Council of Government was established and elected Major Óscar Osorio as President on 14 September 1950.[9][8]

1960s

1960 Salvadoran coup d'état – President José María Lemus was overthrown by the Salvadoran Army on 26 October 1960. The Junta of Government was established in the aftermath.[10][11]
1961 Salvadoran coup d'état – The Junta of Government was overthrown by the Salvadoran Army on 25 January 1961. The Civic-Military Directory was established and appointed Eusebio Rodolfo Cordón Cea as Provisional President on 25 January 1962.

1970s

1972 Salvadoran coup d'état – President Arturo Armando Molina staged a self coup to eliminate political opposition to his government.[12]
1979 Salvadoran coup d'état – President Carlos Humberto Romero was overthrown by the Salvadoran Army on 15 October 1979. The Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador was established and elected Álvaro Magaña as President on 2 May 1982. The coup started the 12-year long Salvadoran Civil War.[13][14][15][16]

2020s

2020 Salvadoran coup d'état attempt – President Nayib Bukele attempted a self coup on 9 February 2020 by sending soldiers to occupy the Legislative Assembly building.[17][18][19]

References

http://thebiography.us/en/ezeta-carlos
Vidal, Manuel (1961). Nociones de historia de Centro América. San Salvador: Editorial Universitaria.
Walker, Thomas W. Nicaragua, the Land of Sandino. Boulder: Westview Press, 1981., p. 17.
Grieb, Kenneth J. (1971). "The United States and the Rise of General Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez". Journal of Latin American Studies. 3 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00001425. JSTOR 156558.
Remembering a Massacre in El Salvador: The Insurrection of 1932, Roque Dalton, and the Politics of Historical Memory, by Héctor Lindo-Fuentes, Erik Kristofer Ching, Rafael Lara Martínez, UNM Press, 2007, page 84
Zunes, Stephen. "Movements and Campaigns - Issues - Dictatorships - El Salvador: 1944". Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2012.
A Force More Powerful: A Century of Non-violent Conflict, by Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, St. Martin's Press, 2015, pages 256-263
Almeida, Paul. D. (2008). Waves of Protest: Popular Struggle in El Salvador, 1925–2005. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 53–57. ISBN 9781452913520. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Armstrong, Robert; Shenk, Janet (1982). El Salvador: The Face of Revolution. South End Press. pp. 36–38. ISBN 9780896081376. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
F.D. Parker "The Central American Republics" Oxford University Press 1964 Pg 156
"Countries E". rulers.org.
Walter, Williams (1997). Militarization and Demilitarization in El Salvador’s Transition to Democracy. p. 90.
"El Salvador - The Reformist Coup of 1979". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
Pastor, Robert (1984). "Continuity and Change in U.S. Foreign Policy: Carter and Reagan on El Salvador". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. 3 (2): 170–190. doi:10.2307/3323931. JSTOR 3323931.
Gleijeses, Piero (1983). "The Case for Power Sharing in El Salvador". Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. 61 (5): 1048–1063. doi:10.2307/20041635. JSTOR 20041635.
"El Salvador: A Country Study, "Right-Wing Extremism"". Federal Research Division / Library of Congress. 1988. p. 235. Retrieved 2020-02-23.
"Constitutional crisis in El Salvador over Bukele's security plan". February 10, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
"Crisis en El Salvador: cuáles son los motivos de la fuerte tensión entre el presidente Nayib Bukele y el Congreso". February 10, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
"La Iglesia llama a "bajar el tono" ante la crisis política en El Salvador para evitar un nuevo conflicto". February 24, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.

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[ezeta-1] ttp://thebiography.us/en/ezeta-carlos

[2] Vidal, Manuel (1961). Nociones de historia de Centro América. San Salvador: Editorial Universitaria.

[3] Walker, Thomas W. Nicaragua, the Land of Sandino. Boulder: Westview Press, 1981., p. 17.

[grieb-4] Grieb, Kenneth J. (1971). "The United States and the Rise of General Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez". Journal of Latin American Studies. 3 (2): 151–172. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00001425. JSTOR 156558.

[5] Remembering a Massacre in El Salvador: The Insurrection of 1932, Roque Dalton, and the Politics of Historical Memory, by Héctor Lindo-Fuentes, Erik Kristofer Ching, Rafael Lara Martínez, UNM Press, 2007, page 84

[zunes-6] Zunes, Stephen. "Movements and Campaigns - Issues - Dictatorships - El Salvador: 1944". Archived from the original on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2012.

[A_Force_More_Powerful_2015,_pages_256-263-7] A Force More Powerful: A Century of Non-violent Conflict, by Peter Ackerman and Jack DuVall, St. Martin's Press, 2015, pages 256-263

[Almeida-8] Almeida, Paul. D. (2008). Waves of Protest: Popular Struggle in El Salvador, 1925–2005. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 53–57. ISBN 9781452913520. Retrieved 13 January 2016.

[Armstrong_&_Shenk-9] Armstrong, Robert; Shenk, Janet (1982). El Salvador: The Face of Revolution. South End Press. pp. 36–38. ISBN 9780896081376. Retrieved 13 January 2016.

[10] F.D. Parker "The Central American Republics" Oxford University Press 1964 Pg 156

[11] "Countries E". rulers.org.

[Williams-12] Walter, Williams (1997). Militarization and Demilitarization in El Salvador’s Transition to Democracy. p. 90.

[countrystudies-13] "El Salvador - The Reformist Coup of 1979". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2019-10-11.

[pastor-14] Pastor, Robert (1984). "Continuity and Change in U.S. Foreign Policy: Carter and Reagan on El Salvador". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. 3 (2): 170–190. doi:10.2307/3323931. JSTOR 3323931.

[gleijeses-15] Gleijeses, Piero (1983). "The Case for Power Sharing in El Salvador". Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. 61 (5): 1048–1063. doi:10.2307/20041635. JSTOR 20041635.

[extremism-16] "El Salvador: A Country Study, "Right-Wing Extremism"". Federal Research Division / Library of Congress. 1988. p. 235. Retrieved 2020-02-23.

[17] "Constitutional crisis in El Salvador over Bukele's security plan". February 10, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.

[18] "Crisis en El Salvador: cuáles son los motivos de la fuerte tensión entre el presidente Nayib Bukele y el Congreso". February 10, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.

[19] "La Iglesia llama a "bajar el tono" ante la crisis política en El Salvador para evitar un nuevo conflicto". February 24, 2020. Retrieved March 7, 2020.