List of living former members of the United States Cabinet
The following is a list of living former members of the United States Cabinet. In the political system established by the United States Constitution, the President is authorized to seek advice from the principal officers of the various departments while performing their official duties. A president's cabinet is composed of these principal officers.
Currently, the officials comprising the president's cabinet include the Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, Attorney General, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Secretary of Transportation, Secretary of Energy, Secretary of Education, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, and Secretary of Homeland Security. It formerly also included the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Individuals who served in this capacity are listed here. Not listed are persons who served in positions considered to be of cabinet level but which are not part of the Cabinet, such as the Vice President, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the United States Trade Representative.
Cabinet members from each of the ten most recent presidential administrations (since the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963–1969) are still living, including all former cabinet members from the administrations of Barack Obama and Donald Trump. The oldest living former cabinet member is George Shultz, Secretary of Labor and Secretary of the Treasury during the Nixon administration and Secretary of State during the Reagan administration. The youngest living former cabinet member is John King Jr., Secretary of Education during the Obama administration.
The most recent death of a former cabinet member is Dick Thornburgh, Attorney General during the Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations. The most recently serving former cabinet member who has died is Samuel Bodman, Secretary of Energy through the end of the George W. Bush administration (2001–2009).
There is one former member of Lyndon B. Johnson's Cabinet still living.
There are two former members of Richard Nixon's Cabinet still living.
There are five former members of Gerald Ford's Cabinet still living.
There are seven former members of Jimmy Carter's Cabinet still living.
There are 15 former members of Ronald Reagan's Cabinet still living.
There are 12 former members of George H. W. Bush's Cabinet still living.
There are 21 former members of Bill Clinton's Cabinet still living.
There are 32 former members of George W. Bush's Cabinet still living.
There are 32 former members of Barack Obama's Cabinet still living.
There are 24 former members of Donald Trump's Cabinet still living.
Living former Cabinet members
Administration | Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lyndon B. Johnson | Ramsey Clark | Attorney General | March 10, 1967 – January 20, 1969 | December 18, 1927 | 93 years, 47 days |
Richard Nixon | Henry Kissinger[1] | Secretary of State | September 22, 1973 – August 9, 1974[lower-alpha 1] | May 27, 1923 | 97 years, 252 days |
George Shultz[2] | Secretary of Labor Secretary of the Treasury | January 22, 1969 – July 1, 1970 June 12, 1972 – May 8, 1974[lower-alpha 2] | December 13, 1920 | 100 years, 52 days | |
Gerald Ford | Carla Hills | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | March 10, 1975 – January 20, 1977 | January 3, 1934 | 87 years, 31 days |
Henry Kissinger[1] | Secretary of State | August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977 | May 27, 1923 | 97 years, 252 days | |
John Knebel | Secretary of Agriculture | November 4, 1976 – January 20, 1977 | October 4, 1936 | 84 years, 122 days | |
David Mathews | Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare[lower-alpha 3] | August 8, 1975 – January 20, 1977 | December 6, 1935 | 85 years, 59 days | |
Donald Rumsfeld | Secretary of Defense | November 20, 1975 – January 20, 1977[lower-alpha 4] | July 9, 1932 | 88 years, 209 days | |
Jimmy Carter | Michael Blumenthal | Secretary of the Treasury | January 23, 1977 – August 4, 1979 | January 3, 1926 | 95 years, 31 days |
Joseph Califano | Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare[lower-alpha 3] | January 25, 1977 – August 3, 1979 | May 15, 1931 | 89 years, 264 days | |
Benjamin Civiletti | Attorney General | August 16, 1979 – January 19, 1981 | July 17, 1935 | 85 years, 201 days | |
Charles Duncan[3] | Secretary of Energy | August 24, 1979 – January 20, 1981 | September 9, 1926 | 94 years, 147 days | |
Neil Goldschmidt | Secretary of Transportation | August 15, 1979 – January 20, 1981 | June 16, 1940 | 80 years, 232 days | |
Moon Landrieu | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | September 24, 1979 – January 20, 1981 | July 23, 1930 | 90 years, 195 days | |
Ray Marshall | Secretary of Labor | January 27, 1977 – January 20, 1981 | August 22, 1928 | 92 years, 165 days | |
Ronald Reagan | James Baker[4] | Secretary of the Treasury | February 4, 1985 – August 17, 1988[lower-alpha 5] | April 28, 1930 | 90 years, 281 days |
William Bennett | Secretary of Education | February 6, 1985 – September 20, 1988 | July 31, 1943 | 77 years, 215 days | |
John Block | Secretary of Agriculture | January 23, 1981 – February 14, 1986 | February 15, 1935 | 85 years, 354 days | |
Nicholas Brady | Secretary of the Treasury | September 15, 1988 – January 20, 1989[lower-alpha 6] | April 11, 1930 | 90 years, 298 days | |
Bill Brock | Secretary of Labor | April 29, 1985 – October 31, 1987 | November 23, 1930 | 90 years, 72 days | |
James Burnley | Secretary of Transportation | December 2, 1987 – January 30, 1989 | July 30, 1948 | 72 years, 188 days | |
Lauro Cavazos | Secretary of Education | September 20, 1988 – January 20, 1989[lower-alpha 6] | January 4, 1927 | 94 years, 30 days | |
Elizabeth Dole | Secretary of Transportation | February 7, 1983 – September 30, 1987[lower-alpha 7] | July 29, 1936 | 84 years, 189 days | |
Ray Donovan | Secretary of Labor | February 4, 1981 – March 15, 1985 | August 31, 1930 | 90 years, 156 days | |
John Herrington[3] | Secretary of Energy | February 7, 1985 – January 20, 1989 | May 31, 1939 | 81 years, 248 days | |
Donald Hodel[3] | Secretary of Energy Secretary of the Interior | November 5, 1982 – February 7, 1985 February 8, 1985 – January 20, 1989 | May 23, 1935 | 85 years, 256 days | |
Ann Korologos | Secretary of Labor | December 17, 1987 – January 20, 1989 | November 16, 1941 | 79 years, 79 days | |
Edwin Meese | Attorney General | February 25, 1985 – July 5, 1988 | December 2, 1931 | 89 years, 63 days | |
George Shultz[2] | Secretary of State | July 16, 1982 – January 20, 1989 | December 13, 1920 | 100 years, 52 days | |
James Watt | Secretary of the Interior | January 23, 1981 – November 8, 1983 | January 31, 1938 | 83 years, 3 days | |
George H. W. Bush | Lamar Alexander | Secretary of Education | March 22, 1991 – January 20, 1993 | July 3, 1940 | 80 years, 215 days |
James Baker[4] | Secretary of State | January 20, 1989 – August 23, 1992 | April 28, 1930 | 90 years, 281 days | |
William Barr | Attorney General | November 26, 1991 – January 20, 1993[lower-alpha 8] | May 23, 1950 | 70 years, 256 days | |
Nicholas Brady | Secretary of the Treasury | January 20, 1989 – January 17, 1993 | April 11, 1930 | 90 years, 298 days | |
Andrew Card | Secretary of Transportation | February 24, 1992 – January 20, 1993 | May 10, 1947 | 73 years, 269 days | |
Lauro Cavazos | Secretary of Education | January 20, 1989 – December 12, 1990 | January 4, 1927 | 94 years, 30 days | |
Dick Cheney | Secretary of Defense | March 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | January 30, 1941 | 80 years, 4 days | |
Elizabeth Dole | Secretary of Labor | January 25, 1989 – November 23, 1990 | July 29, 1936 | 84 years, 189 days | |
Barbara Franklin | Secretary of Commerce | February 27, 1992 – January 20, 1993 | March 19, 1940 | 80 years, 321 days | |
Lynn Martin | Secretary of Labor | February 22, 1991 – January 20, 1993 | December 26, 1939 | 81 years, 39 days | |
Samuel Skinner | Secretary of Transportation | February 6, 1989 – December 15, 1991 | June 10, 1938 | 82 years, 238 days | |
Louis Sullivan | Secretary of Health and Human Services | March 1, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | November 3, 1933 | 87 years, 92 days | |
Bill Clinton | Madeleine Albright[5] | Secretary of State | January 23, 1997–January 20, 2001 | May 15, 1937 | 83 years, 264 days |
Bruce Babbitt | Secretary of the Interior | January 22, 1993 – January 2, 2001 | June 27, 1938 | 82 years, 221 days | |
Henry Cisneros | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 22, 1993 – January 19, 1997 | June 11, 1947 | 73 years, 237 days | |
William Cohen | Secretary of Defense | January 24, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | August 28, 1940 | 80 years, 159 days | |
Andrew Cuomo | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 29, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | December 6, 1957 | 63 years, 59 days | |
William Daley | Secretary of Commerce | January 30, 1997 – July 19, 2000 | August 8, 1948 | 72 years, 179 days | |
Mike Espy | Secretary of Agriculture | January 22, 1993 – December 31, 1994 | November 30, 1953 | 67 years, 65 days | |
Dan Glickman | Secretary of Agriculture | March 30, 1995 – January 19, 2001 | November 24, 1944 | 76 years, 71 days | |
Alexis Herman | Secretary of Labor | May 1, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | July 16, 1947 | 73 years, 231 days | |
Mickey Kantor | Secretary of Commerce | April 12, 1996 – January 21, 1997 | August 7, 1939 | 81 years, 180 days | |
Norman Mineta | Secretary of Commerce | July 20, 2000 – January 20, 2001[lower-alpha 9] | November 12, 1931 | 89 years, 83 days | |
Hazel O'Leary[3] | Secretary of Energy | January 22, 1993 – January 20, 1997 | May 17, 1937 | 83 years, 262 days | |
Federico Peña[3] | Secretary of Transportation Secretary of Energy | January 21, 1993 – February 14, 1997 March 12, 1997 – June 30, 1998 | March 15, 1947 | 73 years, 325 days | |
William Perry | Secretary of Defense | February 3, 1994 – January 23, 1997 | October 11, 1927 | 93 years, 115 days | |
Robert Reich | Secretary of Labor | January 22, 1993 – January 10, 1997 | June 24, 1946 | 74 years, 224 days | |
Bill Richardson[3] | Secretary of Energy | August 18, 1998 – January 20, 2001 | November 15, 1947 | 73 years, 80 days | |
Richard Riley | Secretary of Education | January 21, 1993 – January 20, 2001 | January 2, 1933 | 88 years, 32 days | |
Robert Rubin | Secretary of the Treasury | January 11, 1995 – July 2, 1999 | August 29, 1938 | 82 years, 158 days | |
Donna Shalala | Secretary of Health and Human Services | January 22, 1993 – January 20, 2001 | February 14, 1941 | 79 years, 355 days | |
Rodney Slater | Secretary of Transportation | February 14, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | February 23, 1955 | 65 years, 346 days | |
Lawrence Summers | Secretary of the Treasury | July 2, 1999 – January 20, 2001 | November 30, 1954 | 66 years, 65 days | |
George W. Bush | Spencer Abraham[3] | Secretary of Energy | January 20, 2001 – February 1, 2005 | June 12, 1952 | 68 years, 236 days |
John Ashcroft | Attorney General | February 2, 2001 – February 3, 2005 | May 9, 1942 | 78 years, 270 days | |
Elaine Chao | Secretary of Labor | January 29, 2001 – January 20, 2009[lower-alpha 10] | March 26, 1953 | 67 years, 314 days | |
Michael Chertoff | Secretary of Homeland Security | February 15, 2005 – January 21, 2009 | November 28, 1953 | 67 years, 67 days | |
Donald Evans | Secretary of Commerce | January 20, 2001 – February 7, 2005 | July 27, 1946 | 74 years, 191 days | |
Robert Gates | Secretary of Defense | December 18, 2006 – January 20, 2009[lower-alpha 11] | September 25, 1943 | 77 years, 131 days | |
Alberto Gonzales | Attorney General | February 3, 2005 – September 17, 2007 | August 4, 1955 | 65 years, 183 days | |
Carlos Gutierrez | Secretary of Commerce | February 7, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | November 4, 1953 | 67 years, 91 days | |
Alphonso Jackson | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | September 30, 2004 – April 18, 2008 | September 9, 1945 | 75 years, 147 days | |
Mike Johanns | Secretary of Agriculture | January 21, 2005 – September 20, 2007 | June 18, 1950 | 70 years, 230 days | |
Dirk Kempthorne | Secretary of the Interior | June 7, 2006 – January 20, 2009 | October 29, 1951 | 69 years, 97 days | |
Mike Leavitt | Secretary of Health and Human Services | January 26, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | February 11, 1951 | 69 years, 358 days | |
Mel Martínez | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 24, 2001 – August 13, 2004 | October 23, 1946 | 74 years, 103 days | |
Norman Mineta | Secretary of Transportation | January 25, 2001 – July 7, 2006 | November 12, 1931 | 89 years, 83 days | |
Michael Mukasey | Attorney General | November 9, 2007 – January 20, 2009 | July 28, 1941 | 79 years, 190 days | |
Jim Nicholson | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | January 26, 2005 – October 1, 2007 | February 4, 1938 | 82 years, 365 days | |
Gale Norton | Secretary of the Interior | January 31, 2001 – March 31, 2006 | March 11, 1954 | 66 years, 329 days | |
Rod Paige | Secretary of Education | January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2005 | June 17, 1933 | 87 years, 231 days | |
Henry Paulson | Secretary of the Treasury | July 3, 2006 – January 20, 2009 | March 28, 1946 | 74 years, 312 days | |
James Peake | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | December 20, 2007 – January 20, 2009 | June 18, 1944 | 76 years, 230 days | |
Mary Peters | Secretary of Transportation | October 17, 2006 – January 20, 2009 | December 4, 1948 | 72 years, 61 days | |
Colin Powell[6] | Secretary of State | January 20, 2001 – January 26, 2005 | April 5, 1937 | 83 years, 304 days | |
Steve Preston | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | June 5, 2008 – January 20, 2009 | August 4, 1960 | 60 years, 183 days | |
Anthony Principi | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | January 23, 2001 – January 26, 2005 | April 16, 1944 | 76 years, 293 days | |
Condoleezza Rice[7] | Secretary of State | January 26, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | November 14, 1954 | 66 years, 81 days | |
Tom Ridge | Secretary of Homeland Security | January 24, 2003 – February 1, 2005 | August 26, 1945 | 75 years, 161 days | |
Donald Rumsfeld | Secretary of Defense | January 20, 2001 – December 18, 2006 | July 9, 1932 | 88 years, 209 days | |
Ed Schafer | Secretary of Agriculture | January 28, 2008 – January 20, 2009 | August 8, 1946 | 74 years, 179 days | |
John Snow | Secretary of the Treasury | February 3, 2003 – June 28, 2006 | August 2, 1939 | 81 years, 185 days | |
Margaret Spellings | Secretary of Education | January 20, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | November 30, 1957 | 63 years, 65 days | |
Tommy Thompson | Secretary of Health and Human Services | February 2, 2001 – January 26, 2005 | November 19, 1941 | 79 years, 76 days | |
Ann Veneman | Secretary of Agriculture | January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2005 | June 29, 1949 | 71 years, 219 days | |
Barack Obama | Sylvia Mathews Burwell | Secretary of Health and Human Services | June 9, 2014 – January 20, 2017 | June 23, 1965 | 55 years, 225 days |
John Bryson | Secretary of Commerce | October 21, 2011 – June 21, 2012 | July 24, 1943 | 77 years, 194 days | |
Julian Castro | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | July 28, 2014 – January 20, 2017 | September 16, 1974 | 46 years, 140 days | |
Ashton Carter | Secretary of Defense | February 17, 2015 – January 20, 2017 | September 24, 1954 | 66 years, 132 days | |
Steven Chu[3] | Secretary of Energy | January 21, 2009 – April 22, 2013 | February 28, 1948 | 72 years, 341 days | |
Hillary Clinton[8] | Secretary of State | January 21, 2009 – February 1, 2013 | October 26, 1947 | 73 years, 100 days | |
Shaun Donovan | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 26, 2009 – July 28, 2014 | January 24, 1966 | 55 years, 10 days | |
Arne Duncan | Secretary of Education | January 21, 2009 – July 31, 2016 | November 6, 1964 | 56 years, 89 days | |
Anthony Foxx | Secretary of Transportation | July 2, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | April 30, 1971 | 49 years, 279 days | |
Robert Gates | Secretary of Defense | January 20, 2009 – June 30, 2011 | September 25, 1943 | 77 years, 131 days | |
Timothy Geithner | Secretary of the Treasury | January 26, 2009 – January 25, 2013 | August 18, 1961 | 59 years, 169 days | |
Chuck Hagel | Secretary of Defense | February 27, 2013 – February 17, 2015 | October 4, 1946 | 74 years, 122 days | |
Eric Holder | Attorney General | February 3, 2009 – April 27, 2015 | January 21, 1951 | 70 years, 13 days | |
Sally Jewell | Secretary of the Interior | April 12, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | February 21, 1956 | 64 years, 348 days | |
Jeh Johnson | Secretary of Homeland Security | December 23, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | September 11, 1957 | 63 years, 145 days | |
John Kerry | Secretary of State | February 1, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | December 11, 1943 | 77 years, 54 days | |
John King Jr. | Secretary of Education | September 14, 2016 – January 20, 2017 | January 5, 1975 | 46 years, 29 days | |
Ray LaHood | Secretary of Transportation | January 23, 2009 – July 2, 2013 | December 6, 1945 | 75 years, 59 days | |
Jacob Lew | Secretary of the Treasury | February 28, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | August 29, 1955 | 65 years, 158 days | |
Gary Locke | Secretary of Commerce | March 26, 2009 – August 1, 2011 | January 21, 1950 | 71 years, 13 days | |
Loretta Lynch | Attorney General | April 27, 2015 – January 20, 2017 | May 21, 1959 | 61 years, 258 days | |
Robert A. McDonald | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | July 30, 2014 – January 20, 2017 | June 20, 1953 | 67 years, 228 days | |
Ernest Moniz | Secretary of Energy | May 21, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | December 22, 1944 | 76 years, 43 days | |
Janet Napolitano | Secretary of Homeland Security | January 21, 2009 – September 6, 2013 | November 29, 1957 | 63 years, 66 days | |
Leon Panetta | Secretary of Defense | July 1, 2011 – February 27, 2013 | June 28, 1938 | 82 years, 220 days | |
Thomas Perez | Secretary of Labor | July 23, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | October 7, 1961 | 59 years, 119 days | |
Penny Pritzker | Secretary of Commerce | June 26, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | May 2, 1959 | 61 years, 277 days | |
Ken Salazar | Secretary of the Interior | January 20, 2009 – April 12, 2013 | March 2, 1955 | 65 years, 338 days | |
Kathleen Sebelius | Secretary of Health and Human Services | April 28, 2009 – June 9, 2014 | May 15, 1948 | 72 years, 264 days | |
Eric Shinseki | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | January 21, 2009 – May 30, 2014 | November 28, 1942 | 78 years, 67 days | |
Hilda Solis | Secretary of Labor | February 24, 2009 – January 22, 2013 | October 20, 1957 | 63 years, 106 days | |
Tom Vilsack | Secretary of Agriculture | January 20, 2009 – January 13, 2017 | December 13, 1950 | 70 years, 52 days | |
Donald Trump | Alexander Acosta | Secretary of Labor | April 28, 2017 – July 19, 2019 | January 16, 1969 | 52 years, 18 days |
Alex Azar | Secretary of Health and Human Services | January 29, 2018 – January 20, 2021 | June 17, 1967 | 53 years, 231 days | |
William Barr | Attorney General | February 14, 2019 – December 23, 2020 | May 23, 1950 | 70 years, 256 days | |
David Bernhardt | Secretary of the Interior | April 11, 2019 – January 20, 2021 | August 17, 1969 | 51 years, 170 days | |
Dan Brouillette | Secretary of Energy | December 4, 2019 – January 20, 2021 | August 18, 1962 | 58 years, 169 days | |
Ben Carson | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | March 2, 2017 – January 20, 2021 | September 18, 1951 | 69 years, 138 days | |
Elaine Chao | Secretary of Transportation | January 31, 2017 – January 11, 2021 | March 26, 1953 | 67 years, 314 days | |
Betsy DeVos | Secretary of Education | February 7, 2017 – January 8, 2021 | January 8, 1958 | 63 years, 26 days | |
Mark Esper | Secretary of Defense | July 23, 2019 – November 9, 2020 | April 26, 1964 | 56 years, 283 days | |
John F. Kelly | Secretary of Homeland Security | January 20, 2017 – July 31, 2017 | May 11, 1950 | 70 years, 268 days | |
Jim Mattis | Secretary of Defense | January 20, 2017 – December 31, 2018 | September 8, 1950 | 70 years, 148 days | |
Steven Mnuchin | Secretary of the Treasury | February 13, 2017 – January 20, 2021 | December 21, 1962 | 58 years, 44 days | |
Kirstjen Nielsen | Secretary of Homeland Security | December 6, 2017 – April 10, 2019 | May 14, 1972 | 48 years, 265 days | |
Sonny Perdue | Secretary of Agriculture | April 25, 2017 – January 20, 2021 | December 20, 1946 | 74 years, 45 days | |
Rick Perry | Secretary of Energy | March 2, 2017 – December 1, 2019 | March 4, 1950 | 70 years, 336 days | |
Mike Pompeo | Secretary of State | April 26, 2018 – January 20, 2021 | December 30, 1963 | 57 years, 35 days | |
Tom Price | Secretary of Health and Human Services | February 10, 2017 – September 29, 2017 | October 8, 1954 | 66 years, 118 days | |
Wilbur Ross | Secretary of Commerce | February 28, 2017 – January 20, 2021 | November 28, 1937 | 83 years, 67 days | |
Eugene Scalia | Secretary of Labor | September 30, 2019 – January 20, 2021 | August 14, 1963 | 57 years, 173 days | |
Jeff Sessions | Attorney General | February 9, 2017 – November 7, 2018 | December 24, 1946 | 74 years, 41 days | |
David Shulkin | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | February 14, 2017 – March 28, 2018 | July 22, 1959 | 61 years, 268 days | |
Rex Tillerson | Secretary of State | February 1, 2017 – March 31, 2018 | March 23, 1952 | 68 years, 317 days | |
Robert Wilkie | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | July 30, 2018 – January 20, 2021 | August 2, 1962 | 58 years, 185 days | |
Ryan Zinke | Secretary of the Interior | March 1, 2017 – January 2, 2019 | November 1, 1961 | 59 years, 94 days |
Notes
- Continued in the same capacity in the Ford Administration.
- Later served as Secretary of State in the Reagan Administration.
- Department now named Health and Human Services.
- Later served as Secretary of Defense in the George W. Bush Administration.
- Later served as Secretary of State in the George H. W. Bush Administration.
- Continued in the same capacity in the George H. W. Bush Administration.
- Later served as Secretary of Labor in the George H. W. Bush Administration.
- Later served as Attorney General in the Trump Administration.
- Later served as Secretary of Transportation in the George W. Bush Administration.
- Later served as Secretary of Transportation in the Trump Administration.
- Continued in the same capacity in the Obama Administration.
References
- "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Henry A. (Heinz Alfred) Kissinger (1923–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: George Pratt Shultz (1920–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- "Secretaries of Energy". Office of Management, United States Department of Energy. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Addison Baker III (1930–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Madeleine Korbel Albright (1937–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Colin Luther Powell (1937–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Condoleezza Rice (1954–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Hillary Rodham Clinton (1947–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.