List of tallest freestanding steel structures

This is a list of tallest freestanding steel structures in the world past and present. To be a freestanding steel structure it must not be supported by guy wires, the list therefore does not include guyed masts and the main vertical and lateral structural elements and floor systems in the case of buildings, are constructed from steel. This type of construction is a rarity today as most tall buildings are built with a composite structure featuring a reinforced concrete core.

Steel Structures (above 275 m / 900 ft in height)
  • Structures no longer standing are in italics.
  • For all structures the pinnacle height is given meaning it includes both spires and antennas as long as they are built of steel.

On Land
Rank Name Pinnacle height (metres / feet) Year Type Main use Country City Remarks Coordinates
1 Tokyo Skytree 634 2,080 2012 Lattice tower Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting  Japan Tokyo Tallest structure in Japan. Tallest tower in the world. Inclusion on the list is arguable as it is not entirely a steel structure, although the external steel lattice provides most of the structural support the tower does has a concrete core. 35°42′36.5″N 139°48′39″E
2 Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower) 527.0 1,729 1974 Skyscraper Office, observation, FM/TV-broadcasting  United States Chicago Tallest building in the world 1974–1998 (by structural height). 41°52′44.1″N 87°38′10.2″W
One World Trade Center (1973–2001) 526.7[1] 1,728 1973 Skyscraper Office, observation, FM/TV-broadcasting  United States New York City Destroyed on 11 September 2001. Tallest freestanding structure that no longer exists. Tallest building in the world 1972–1974. 40°42′42″N 74°00′45″W
3 John Hancock Center 457.2 1,500 1969 Skyscraper Office, residential, FM/TV-broadcasting  United States Chicago World's tallest mixed-use building 1969–2008. 41°53′55.68″N 87°37′22.8″W
4 Empire State Building 449 1,474 1931 Skyscraper Office, observation, UHF/VHF-transmission  United States New York City Tallest freestanding structure 1931–1967.
Tallest skyscraper 1931–1973.
First Skyscraper with 100+ stories.		 40°44′54.0″N 73°59′09″W
5 One Vanderbilt 427 1,401 2020 Skyscraper Office, observation  United States New York City 40.7530°N 73.9785°W / 40.7530; -73.9785
Two World Trade Center (1973–2001) 415.3 1,362 1973 Skyscraper Office, observation  United States New York City Destroyed on 11 September 2001. 40°42′42″N 74°00′45″W
6 30 Hudson Yards 395 1,296 2019 Skyscraper Office, observation, retail  United States New York City Has the highest outdoor observation deck in the Western Hemisphere. 40.754661°N 74.003783°W / 40.754661; -74.003783
7 Zhongyuan Tower 388 1,273 2010 Steel tower Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting  China Zhengzhou 34°43′29″N 113°43′22″E
8 Kyiv TV Tower 385 1,263 1973 Lattice tower FM/TV-broadcasting  Ukraine Kyiv 50°28′16″N 30°27′12″E
9 Tuntex Sky Tower 378 1,240 1997 Skyscraper Hotel, office, observation, FM/TV-broadcasting  Taiwan Kaohsiung 22°36′42″N 120°18′0″E
10 Tashkent Tower 374.9 1,230 1984 Steel tower Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting  Uzbekistan Tashkent 41°20′44.05″N 69°17′4.57″E
11 Almaty Tower 371.5 1,219 1983 Steel tower Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting  Kazakhstan Almaty Tallest free-standing tubular steel structure. 43°13′44″N 76°58′34″E
12 tie Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie North Tower 370 1,214 2010 Lattice tower Electricity pylon  China Zhoushan Island Tallest electricity pylon in the world. 29°56′2.78″N 122°2′10.12″E
12 tie Zhoushan Island Overhead Powerline Tie South Tower 370 1,214 2010 Lattice tower Electricity pylon  China Zhoushan Island Tallest electricity pylon in the world. 29°54′41.39″N 122°1′26.38″E
14 Riga Radio and TV Tower 368.5 1,209 1987 Steel tower Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting  Latvia Riga Tallest structure in the European Union. 56°55′26″N 24°08′14″E
15 Aon Center 362.5 1,189 1973 Skyscraper Office  United States Chicago 41°53′07″N 87°37′17″W
16 First Canadian Place 355 1,165 1975 Skyscraper Office, FM/TV-broadcasting  Canada Toronto Tallest skyscraper in Canada 43°38′55″N 79°22′54″W
17 tie Yangtze River Crossing North Tower 347 1,138 2003 Lattice tower Electricity pylon  China Jiangyin Second tallest set of electricity pylons in the world 31°58′17″N 120°3′12″E
17 tie Yangtze River Crossing South Tower 347 1,138 2003 Lattice tower Electricity pylon  China Jiangyin Second tallest set of electricity pylons in the world 31°57′4″N 120°2′53″E
19 The Center 346 1,135 1998 Skyscraper Office  Hong Kong Hong Kong 22°17′05″N 114°09′16″E
20 4 Times Square 340.7 1,118 2000 Skyscraper Office  United States New York City 40°45′21″N 73°59′09″W
21 Dragon Tower 336 1,102 2000 Lattice tower Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting  China Harbin 45°44′45.55″N 126°40′28″E
22 Tokyo Tower 332.6 1,091 1958 Lattice tower Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting  Japan Tokyo Second tallest structure in Japan 35°39′31″N 139°44′44″E
23 Minsheng Bank Building 331 1,087 2007 Skyscraper Office  China Wuhan 30.597°N 114.268°E / 30.597; 114.268
24 WITI TV Tower 329.4 1,081 1962 Lattice tower FM/TV-broadcasting  United States Shorewood (Milwaukee), Wisconsin 43°05′26″N 87°53′50″W
25 tie St. Petersburg TV Tower 326 1,070 1962 Lattice tower Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting  Russia St. Petersburg 59°58′36″N 30°19′15″E
25 tie Linyi Radio and TV Tower[2] 326 1,070 2010 Steel tower Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting, Amusement ride  China Linyi 35°4′52″N 118°21′44″E
27 Eiffel Tower 324 1,063 1889 Lattice tower Observation, FM/TV-broadcasting  France Paris Tallest structure in the world from 1889 to 1930; first structure to exceed 300 metres in height 48°51′29.6″N 2°17′40.2″E
28 WHDH-TV Tower 323.8 1,062 1960 Lattice tower TV-broadcasting  United States Newton, Massachusetts 42°18′41″N 71°12′58″W
29 Chrysler Building 319 1,046 1930 Skyscraper Office  United States New York City Tallest structure in the world 1930–1931 40°45′06″N 73°58′31″W
29 New York Times Building 319 1,046 2007 Skyscraper Office  United States New York City 40°45′23″N 73°59′24″W
31 KCTV-Tower 317.6 1,042 1956 Lattice tower TV-broadcasting  United States Kansas City 39°04′15″N 94°34′58″W
Turner Broadcasting tower (1967-2010) 314.3 1,031 1980 Lattice tower TV-broadcasting  United States Atlanta, Georgia Demolished in 2010 33.7825°N 84.388611°W / 33.7825; -84.388611
32 TV Tower Yerevan 311.7 1,023 1977 Lattice tower FM/TV-broadcasting  Armenia Yerevan 40°10′16.64″N 44°32′10.77″E
33 U.S. Bank Tower 311 1,018 1990 Skyscraper Office  United States Los Angeles 34.0510°N 118.2542°W / 34.0510; -118.2542
34 Fazilka TV Tower 304.8 1,000 2007 Lattice tower FM/TV-broadcasting  India Fazilka 30°23′44.42″N 74°1′57.87″E
35 Wells Fargo Plaza 302 992 1983 Skyscraper Office  United States Houston 29.7584396°N 95.3682630°W / 29.7584396; -95.3682630
36 tie Mumbai Television Tower 300 984 1972 Lattice tower TV-broadcasting  India Mumbai 19°00′26″N 72°49′12″E
36 tie Abeno Harukas 300 984 2014 Skyscraper Office, Observation  Japan Osaka Tallest skyscraper in Japan.[3] 34°38′45.6″N 135°30′48.2″E
38 Sutro Tower 297.8 977 1973 Lattice tower FM/TV-broadcasting  United States San Francisco, California 37.75523°N 122.45284°W / 37.75523; -122.45284
39 Landmark Tower 296.3 972 1993 Skyscraper Office, Observation  Japan Yokohama 35°27′17″N 139°37′54″E
40 tie Tucuruí transmission line North Tower 295 968 2013 Lattice tower Electricity pylon  Brazil Jurupari island
40 tie Tucuruí transmission line South Tower 295 968 2013 Lattice tower Electricity pylon  Brazil Jurupari island
42 WKRQ Tower 294.6 967 1960's Lattice tower FM/TV-broadcasting  United States Cincinnati, Ohio 39°06′59″N 84°30′07″W
43 Zhuzhou Television Tower 293 961 1999 Lattice tower FM/TV-broadcasting  China Shijiazhuang 27°49′17″N 113°06′49″E
44 Star Tower 290.8 954 1991 Lattice tower FM/TV-broadcasting  United States Cincinnati, Ohio Landmark tower design 39°12′01″N 84°31′22″W
45 70 Pine Street 290.2 952 1932 Skyscraper Office  United States New York 40°42′23″N 74°00′27″W
46 WLWT TV Tower 289.6 950 1978 Lattice tower TV-broadcasting  United States Cincinnati, Ohio 39°07′27″N 84°31′18″W
47 One Liberty Place 288 945 1987 Skyscraper Office  United States Philadelphia 39.9522°N 75.1678°W / 39.9522; -75.1678
48 Dudelange Radio Tower 285 935 1957 Lattice tower FM-broadcasting  Luxembourg Dudelange 49°27′48″N 6°05′45″E
49 tie Akashi Kaikyō Bridge North Tower 282.8 928 1998 Bridge Transportation  Japan Kobe 34.6162°N 135.0205°E / 34.6162; 135.0205
49 tie Akashi Kaikyō Bridge South Tower 282.8 928 1998 Bridge Transportation  Japan Kobe 34.6162°N 135.0205°E / 34.6162; 135.0205
49 tie Cheung Kong Centre 282.8 928 1999 Skyscraper Office  Hong Kong Hong Kong 22°16′46″N 114°09′37″E
52 40 Wall Street 282.6 927 1930 Skyscraper Office  United States New York 40.706964°N 74.009672°W / 40.706964; -74.009672
54 tie United Overseas Bank Plaza 280 919 1992 Skyscraper Office  Singapore Singapore 1.28555°N 103.84972°E / 1.28555; 103.84972
54 tie Shijiazhuang TV-tower 280 919 1998 Lattice tower TV-broadcasting  China Shijiazhuang 38°01′15.81″N 114°31′40.14″E
54 tie AIR tower 280 919 2013 Lattice tower FM-broadcasting India Amritsar originally intended to be 300 m tall[4] currently 280 m[5] due to a tilt in the towers angle.[6] 31°36′56.58″N 74°39′54.49″E
56 Citigroup Center 278.9 915 1977 Skyscraper Office  United States New York 40.758533°N 73.970314°W / 40.758533; -73.970314
57 OUB Centre 277.8 911 1992 Skyscraper Office  Singapore Singapore 1.2846°N 103.8510°E / 1.2846; 103.8510
58 Net 25 Tower 276.4 907 1990 Lattice tower TV-broadcasting  Philippines Quezon City 14°39′45″N 121°03′36″E
59 WCPO TV Tower 276 905 1965 Lattice tower FM/TV-broadcasting  United States Cincinnati, Ohio 39°07′30″N 84°29′56″W
60 tie Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower 275 901 1972 Lattice tower TV-broadcasting  Georgia Tbilisi 41°41′45″N 44°47′05″E
60 tie RCTI TV Tower[7] 275 901 ? Lattice tower TV-broadcasting  Indonesia Jakarta
60 tie Williams Tower 275 901 1982 Skyscraper Office  United States Houston 29°44′14″N 95°27′41″W

In Water
Name Pinnacle height (metres / feet) Year Type Main use Built in Current location Remarks
Petronius Compliant Tower 640 2,100 2000 Compliant tower Oil Rig  United States Gulf of Mexico Tallest freestanding structure in the world 2000–2008. Inclusion on the list is arguable as this structure is a compliant tower which is freestand and demonstrates static stability, however it has a greater degree of lateral deformation/flexibility, up to 2.5%, compared to land-based structures, usually 0.5% or less, in order to better cope with sea forces.
Baldpate Compliant Tower 581.5 1,908 1998 Compliant tower Oil Rig  United States Gulf of Mexico Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1998–2000. Inclusion on the list is arguable as this structure is a compliant tower which is freestand and demonstrates static stability, however it has a greater degree of lateral deformation/flexibility, up to 2.5%, compared to land-based structures, usually 0.5% or less, in order to better cope with sea forces.
Bullwinkle Platform 529 1,736 1989 Fixed truss tower Oil Rig  United States Gulf of Mexico Tallest fixed/rigged freestanding structure built in water
Benguela-Belize Lobito-Tomboco Platform[8] 512 1,680 2008 Compliant tower Oil Rig  United States Congo basin Inclusion on the list is arguable as this structure is a compliant tower which is freestand and demonstrates static stability, however it has a greater degree of lateral deformation/flexibility, up to 2.5%, compared to land-based structures, usually 0.5% or less, in order to better cope with sea forces.
Pompano Platform 477 1,565 1994 Fixed truss tower Oil Rig  United States Gulf of Mexico
Tombua Landana platform[9] 474 1,554 2009 Compliant tower Oil Rig  United States Congo basin Inclusion on the list is arguable as this structure is a compliant tower which is freestand and demonstrates static stability, however it has a greater degree of lateral deformation/flexibility, up to 2.5%, compared to land-based structures, usually 0.5% or less, in order to better cope with sea forces.
Coelacanth Platform[10] 400 1,312 2016 Truss tower Oil Rig  United States Gulf of Mexico
Cognac Platform[11] 385.5 1,265 1977 Fixed truss tower Oil Rig  United States Gulf of Mexico
Harmony Platform[12] 366 1,200 1992 Fixed truss tower Oil Rig  South Korea[13] California Height is only to water level, likely to be taller than the Cognac Platform
Hondo Platform[14] 354.5 1,163 1976 Fixed truss tower Oil Rig  United States Gulf of Mexico
Virgo Platform[12] 344 1,130 1999 Fixed truss tower Oil Rig  United States Gulf of Mexico Height is only to water level, likely to be taller than the Cognac Platform
Cerveza Platform[15] 327 1,073 1981 Fixed truss tower Oil Rig  United States Gulf of Mexico
Cerveza Light Platform[15] 327 1,073 1981 Fixed truss tower Oil Rig  United States Gulf of Mexico
Heritage Platform[12] 326 1,070 1992 Fixed truss tower Oil Rig  South Korea[16] California Height is only to water level, likely to be taller than the Cognac Platform
Amberjack Platform[12] 314 1,030 1991 Fixed truss tower Oil Rig  United States Gulf of Mexico Height is only to water level, likely to be taller than the Cognac Platform

See also

References
  1. "See One World Trade Center by skyscrapercenter.com". Retrieved 2020-07-03.
  2. "Linyi Radio & TV Tower - The Skyscraper Center". www.skyscrapercenter.com.
  3. "Tallest high-rise nears completion". The Japan Times. The Japan Times. 2013-10-23. Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2019-08-28.
  4. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/doordarshan-air-tower-lying-defunct-yet-to-rule-air-waves-in-amritsar-191662
  5. https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/government-move-to-reduce-height-of-air-tower-draws-flak-381912
  6. https://theprint.in/india/governance/heres-why-air-bid-to-check-pakistans-radio-propaganda-in-punjab-is-doomed-to-fail/123524/
  7. Rirdan, Daniel (July 29, 2012). The Blueprint: Averting Global Collapse. Daniel Rirdan. ISBN 9781470135881 – via Google Books.
  8. "Chevron Announces First Oil Production From Benguela-Belize Development, Deepwater Block 14, Offshore Angola | Chevron Corporation". chevroncorp.gcs-web.com.
  9. https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/tombua-landana/#:~:text=Tombua%20Landana%20platform,seafloor%20by%2012%20foundation%20piles.
  10. http://www.walteroil.com/e-p-operations/coelacanth-project.html
  11. "Oil Rig – A-Cognac". September 12, 2017.
  12. http://www.smalldeadanimals.com/secondarypages/MIDDLE%20AGES.pdf
  13. List of tallest oil platforms#cite note-2
  14. Times, Robert Lindsey Special to The New York (November 10, 1976). "Exxon Nears Completion Of Deepest Offshore Rig" – via NYTimes.com.
  15. https://cdn.southampton.ac.uk/assets/imported/transforms/content-block/UsefulDownloads_Download/2015F191205A4FB492B68B6FC2FC4501/alecture7%20choo.pdf
  16. List of tallest oil platforms#cite note-25
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