Maria de Victorica
Madame Maria de Victorica, or Baroness Maria von Kretschamn, (1878, Posen, Prussia - 1920, New York, United States)[1] was the daughter of a Prussian cavalry officer, Baron Hans von Kretschman, and Countess Jenny von Gustedt, a diplomat. She was also the granddaughter of the illegitimate child of Jenny von Pappenheim and Jérome Bonaparte.[2] Known for her espionage activities during World War I. She also used the alias Marie de Vussière. She was said to dominate many European languages with fluency and had many university degrees.
Madame Maria de Victorica | |
|---|---|
| Born | Maria von Kretschamn 1878 Posen, Prussia (modern Poland= |
| Died | August 12, 1920 New York City - United States |
| Resting place | Gates of Heaven Cemetery, Kensico, New York |
| Occupation | German spy |
| Known for | espionage |
She came to South America when she was 25 years old, to visit some relatives living in the continent. Once she was here, apparently she married with the first of her three husbands, although his identity isn't clear. Some source states that she married an Argentinean man that died shortly after marriage, but some other sources state that her last husband was, indeed, an Argentinean man called Manuel Gustave de Victorica, arrested in Pontalier, France, on 10 January 1917[3] and charged of espionage. This latest version seems to be the most accurate.
She was accused of being involved in plot actions, mostly to organize disturbs amongst the Irish community living in the United States, and to import high explosives into the U.S. by means of hollow figurines of Saints and the Virgin Mary. She was a noble, fashionable and rich woman, and that was part of her strategy to move inside the United States. Even her most fashionable clothes served as a masquerade to hide her espionage actions, for example the usage of silk mufflers to hide invisible ink in which to write secret messages to other German spies.
She was under the direction of Herman Wessels, but Herbert Yardley stated that her intelligence was superior to her masculine boss. In his memoirs about his service at MI-8, called The American Black Chamber, Yardley devoted an entire chapter to describe the plot of Mme. Victorica, and wrote about her that
Earlier, when I made the statement that German espionage was subtle -this was what I meant. But that this was feminine and not masculine subtlety I have not the faintest doubt. It is too much to believe that Madame Victorica's masculine master was so clever. [...] It is clear enough that Madame Victorica is the directing genius of German espionage in the United States, and that her arrest will seriously cripple the activities of the group she controls. [...] Though a pathetic figure in death, may she remain immortal in the annals of espionage.[4]
However, the digitized copy belonging to the Rufus A. Long Digital Archive of Cryptology[4] has notations made by other specialists in cryptanalisis, like William F. Friedman, or Charles J. Mendelsohn. There are several notations made in this particular chapter, most of them belonging to A. J. M. Grail, in charge of secret ink section, Captain, MID, Washington, during World War. In those notations, made by Grail, it's stated that "Victorica was quite harmless. She accomplished nothing. She arrived here 22, Jan, 1917 and was arrested 21 April 1918.", that "The plot (of introducing explosives into holy figures) was suggested to Victorica not by her", that she wasn't from a noble origin, but rather a Junker, and finally that "I believe Victorica gave our people in N.Y.C. much information (...), she did not give much accurate information, perhaps out of ignorance." Charles J. Mendelsohn, in charge of German diplomatic code solving section, MID, Washington, also added at the end of the chapter that "It is my impression that Victorica was captured by the Dept. of Justice, plus that the cipher stuff came as a consequence of the capture, not the capture as a consequence of the cipher stuff. V. Weiskopf could throw light on this."
On 27 April 1918 she was arrested, supposedly after MI-8 secret-ink subsection found a correspondence that detailed a plan to destroy docks, war industries, and mercury mines. She disclosed some information about the rest of the conspirators, but she also lied a lot during the examination. Since she was by the time of her arrest a heavy user of morphine, the U.S. officers threatened her to suspend her doses of morphine, and finally told the truth. She died in 1920.
References
- "Family Tree of Baroness Maria von Kretschamn". Roots web. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- Kahn, David (2004). The reader of gentlemen's mail : Herbert O. Yardley and birth of American codebreaking ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press. pp. 33–35. ISBN 0-300-09846-4.
- "How They Captured the German Spy, Mme. Maria de Victorica, Told at Last". Ames Daily Tribune. Ames Daily Tribune. July 31, 1931. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- Yardley, Herbert (1931). The American Black Chamber. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company. pp. 110. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
Further reading
- David Kahn The Codebreaker, page 353, paragraph 3.
- Glenn Hastedt & Steven Guerrier (eds.). (2010). Spies, Wiretaps, and Secret Operations: An Encyclopedia of American Espionage (2 volumes). ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara. ISBN 1851098070.
- Nigel West. (2013). Historical Dictionary of World War I Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810880016.