Methylammonium lead halide

Methylammonium lead halides (MALHs) are solid compounds with perovskite structure and a chemical formula of CH3NH3PbX3, where X = I, Br or Cl. They have potential applications in solar cells, lasers, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, radiation detectors,[2][3] scintillator,[4] magneto-optical data storage[5] and hydrogen production.[6]

CH3NH3PbX3 crystal structure.[1]

Properties and synthesis

In the CH3NH3PbX3 cubic crystal structure the methylammonium cation (CH3NH3+) is surrounded by PbX6 octahedra. The X ions are not fixed and can migrate through the crystal with an activation energy of 0.6 eV; the migration is vacancy assisted.[1] The methylammonium cations can rotate within their cages. At room temperature the ions have the CN axis aligned towards the face directions of the unit cells and the molecules randomly change to another of the six face directions on a 3 ps time scale.[7]

The solubility of MALHs strongly decreases with increased temperature: from 0.8 g/mL at 20 °C to 0.3 g/mL at 80 °C for CH3NH3PbI3 in dimethylformamide. This property is used in the growth of MALH single crystals and films from solution, using a mixture of CH3NH3X and PbX2 powders as the precursor. The growth rates are 3–20 mm3/hour for CH3NH3PbI3 and reach 38 mm3/hour for CH3NH3PbBr3 crystals.[6]

The resulting crystals are metastable and dissolve in the growth solution when cooled to room temperature. They have bandgaps of 2.18 eV for CH3NH3PbBr3 and 1.51 eV for CH3NH3PbI3, while their respective carrier mobilities are 24 and 67 cm2/(V·s).[6] Their thermal conductivity is exceptionally low, ~0.5 W/(K·m) at room temperature for CH3NH3PbI3.[8]

Photodecomposition and thermal decomposition of CH3NH3PbX3

Initially, a proposed decomposition pathway mechanism for CH3NH3PbI3 in presence of water [9] releasing CH3NH2 and HI gases was broadly adopted by researchers in perovskite solar cell. Later, it was found that the major gases released during high temperature (> 360 °C) thermal degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 are methyl iodide (CH3I) and ammonia (NH3).[10] [11]

In 2017, it has been inferred using in situ XPS measurements that in the presence of water vapour, CH3NH3I salt can not be a product of the degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite.[12]

Similar high temperature degradation reaction has been confirmed for CH3NH3PbBr3 [13]

Furthermore, high resolution mass spectrometry measurements at low temperature conditions (< 100 °C) compatible with photovoltaic operation found that CH3NH3PbI3 undergoes reversible,

and irreversible chemical decomposition reactions under vacuum when illumination or heat pulses are applied.[13]


Recently, a method to quantify the intrinsic chemical stability of arbitrarily mixed hybrid halide perovskites has been proposed. [14]

Applications

MALHs have potential applications in solar cells, lasers,[15] light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, radiation detectors,[3] scintillator[4] and hydrogen production.[6] The power conversion efficiency of MALH solar cells exceeds 19%.[16][17]

See also

References
  1. Eames, Christopher; Frost, Jarvist M.; Barnes, Piers R. F.; o'Regan, Brian C.; Walsh, Aron; Islam, M. Saiful (2015). "Ionic transport in hybrid lead iodide perovskite solar cells". Nature Communications. 6: 7497. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7497E. doi:10.1038/ncomms8497. PMC 4491179. PMID 26105623.
  2. Náfrádi, Bálint (October 16, 2015). "Methylammonium Lead Iodide for Efficient X-ray Energy Conversion". J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015 (119): 25204–25208. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b07876.
  3. Yakunin, S.; Dirin, D.; Shynkarenko, Y.; Morad, V.; Cherniukh, I.; Nazarenko, O.; Kreil, D.; Nauser, T.; Kovalenko, M. (2016). "Detection of gamma photons using solution-grown single crystals of hybrid lead halide perovskites". Nature Photonics. 10 (9): 585–589. Bibcode:2016NaPho..10..585Y. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2016.139. hdl:20.500.11850/118934.
  4. Birowosuto, M. D. (16 November 2016). "X-ray Scintillation in Lead Halide Perovskite Crystals". Sci. Rep. 6: 37254. arXiv:1611.05862. Bibcode:2016NatSR...637254B. doi:10.1038/srep37254. PMC 5111063. PMID 27849019.
  5. Náfrádi, Bálint (24 November 2016). "Optically switched magnetism in photovoltaic perovskite CH3NH3(Mn:Pb)I3". Nature Communications. 7: 13406. arXiv:1611.08205. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713406N. doi:10.1038/ncomms13406. PMC 5123013. PMID 27882917.
  6. Saidaminov, Makhsud I.; Abdelhady, Ahmed L.; Murali, Banavoth; Alarousu, Erkki; Burlakov, Victor M.; Peng, Wei; Dursun, Ibrahim; Wang, Lingfei; He, Yao; MacUlan, Giacomo; Goriely, Alain; Wu, Tom; Mohammed, Omar F.; Bakr, Osman M. (2015). "High-quality bulk hybrid perovskite single crystals within minutes by inverse temperature crystallization". Nature Communications. 6: 7586. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7586S. doi:10.1038/ncomms8586. PMC 4544059. PMID 26145157.
  7. Bakulin, A.A.; Selig, O.; Bakker, H.J.; Rezus, Y.L.A.; Muller, C.; Glaser, T.; Lovrincic, R.; Sun, Z.; Chen, Z.; Walsh, A.; Frost, J.M.; Jansen, T.L.C. (2015). "Real-Time Observation of Organic Cation Reorientation in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskites" (PDF). J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 (18): 3663–3669. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01555. hdl:10044/1/48952. PMID 26722739.
  8. Pisoni, Andrea; Jaćimović, Jaćim; Barišić, Osor S.; Spina, Massimo; Gaál, Richard; Forró, László; Horváth, Endre (2014). "Ultra-Low Thermal Conductivity in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3". The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 5 (14): 2488–2492. arXiv:1407.4931. doi:10.1021/jz5012109. PMID 26277821.
  9. Frost, Jarvist M.; Butler, Keith T.; Brivio, Federico; Hendon, Christopher H.; van Schilfgaarde, Mark; Walsh, Aron (2014). "Atomistic Origins of High-Performance in Hybrid Halide Perovskite Solar Cells". Nano Letters. 14 (5): 2584–2590. arXiv:1402.4980. Bibcode:2014NanoL..14.2584F. doi:10.1021/nl500390f. ISSN 1530-6984. PMC 4022647. PMID 24684284.
  10. Juarez-Perez, Emilio J.; Hawash, Zafer; Raga, Sonia R.; Ono, Luis K.; Qi, Yabing (2016). "Thermal degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite into NH3 and CH3I gases observed by coupled thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry analysis". Energy Environ. Sci. 9 (11): 3406–3410. doi:10.1039/C6EE02016J. ISSN 1754-5692.
  11. Williams, Alice E.; Holliman, Peter J.; Carnie, Matthew J.; Davies, Matthew L.; Worsley, David A.; Watson, Trystan M. (2014). "Perovskite processing for photovoltaics: a spectro-thermal evaluation". J. Mater. Chem. A. 2 (45): 19338–19346. doi:10.1039/C4TA04725G. ISSN 2050-7488.
  12. Chun-Ren Ke, Jack; Walton, Alex S.; Lewis, David J.; Tedstone, Aleksander; O'Brien, Paul; Thomas, Andrew G.; Flavell, Wendy R. (2017-05-04). "In situ investigation of degradation at organometal halide perovskite surfaces by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at realistic water vapour pressure". Chem. Commun. 53 (37): 5231–5234. doi:10.1039/c7cc01538k. ISSN 1364-548X. PMID 28443866.
  13. Juarez-Perez, Emilio J.; Ono, Luis K.; Maeda, Maki; Jiang, Yan; Hawash, Zafer; Qi, Yabing (2018). "Photodecomposition and thermal decomposition in methylammonium halide lead perovskites and inferred design principles to increase photovoltaic device stability". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 6 (20): 9604–9612. doi:10.1039/C8TA03501F.
  14. García-Fernández, Alberto; Juarez-Perez, Emilio J.; Castro-García, Socorro; Sánchez-Andújar, Manuel; Ono, Luis K.; Jiang, Yan; Qi, Yabing (2018). "Benchmarking Chemical Stability of Arbitrarily Mixed 3D Hybrid Halide Perovskites for Solar Cell Applications". Small Methods. 2 (10): 1800242. doi:10.1002/smtd.201800242.
  15. Deschler, Felix; Price, Michael; Pathak, Sandeep; Klintberg, Lina E.; Jarausch, David-Dominik; Higler, Ruben; Hüttner, Sven; Leijtens, Tomas; Stranks, Samuel D.; Snaith, Henry J.; Atatüre, Mete; Phillips, Richard T.; Friend, Richard H. (2 April 2014). "High Photoluminescence Efficiency and Optically Pumped Lasing in Solution-Processed Mixed Halide Perovskite Semiconductors". The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 5 (8): 1421–1426. doi:10.1021/jz5005285.
  16. Zhou, H.; Chen, Q.; Li, G.; Luo, S.; Song, T.-b.; Duan, H.-S.; Hong, Z.; You, J.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. (2014). "Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells". Science. 345 (6196): 542–6. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..542Z. doi:10.1126/science.1254050. PMID 25082698.
  17. Heo, Jin Hyuck; Song, Dae Ho; Han, Hye Ji; Kim, Seong Yeon; Kim, Jun Ho; Kim, Dasom; Shin, Hee Won; Ahn, Tae Kyu; Wolf, Christoph; Lee, Tae-Woo; Im, Sang Hyuk (2015). "Planar CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells with Constant 17.2% Average Power Conversion Efficiency Irrespective of the Scan Rate". Advanced Materials. 27 (22): 3424–30. doi:10.1002/adma.201500048. PMID 25914242.
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