Microvalve

A microvalve is microscale valve, i.e. a microfluidic two-port component that regulates the flow between two fluidic ports. Microvalves are basic components in microfluidic devices, such as Labs-on-a-chip, where they are used to control the fluidic transport. During the period 1995-2005, a lot of Microelectromechanical systems-based microvalves were developed.

Microvalves found today can be roughly categorized as active microvalves and passive microvalves. Based on the medium they control, microvalves can be divided into gas microvalves and liquid microvalves. Based on their initial mode, microvalves can be divided into normally open, normally closed and bistable microvalves.[1]

Types of microvalves

Active microvalves
Cross-sectional sketch of an active microvalve

Active mechanical microvalves consist of mechanically movable membrane or boss structure, coupled to an actuation method, that can close of an orifice, thus blocking the flow path between the inlet and outlet ports. The actuator can either be an integrated magnetic, electrostatic,[2][3] piezoelectric[4] or thermal microactuator,[5] a "smart" phase change, e.g. Shape-memory alloy,[6] or rheological material, or an externally applied actuation mechanism, such as an external magnetic field or pneumatic source.

Passive microvalves
Schematic cross-section of a passive microvalve

Passive microvalves are valves for which the operational state, i.e. open or close, is determined by the fluid they control. Most common passive microvalves are flap valves, membrane microvalves and ball microvalves.

Microvalve applications

Gas Microvalves

Controlling a gas flow with MEMS microvalves has the following general benefits: the integration of the actuation mechanism with the other microvalve components allows component miniaturization; and the small scale of the component results in a rapid response time and a low-power consumption. However, despite the potential for cost-efficient batch fabrication offered by microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies, gas microvalves have so far failed to reach the critical cost-per-performance ratio needed for a wide adoption of this technology.[7]

Check valves

Most check valves, are incorporated in inlets and outlets of reciprocal displacement micropumps, where they provide the liquid rectification needed for the valve to have a net pump flow in one direction.

References
  1. Oh and Ahn (2006). "A review of microvalves". Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 16 (5): R13–R39. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/16/5/R01.
  2. Messner; et al. (2006). "Three-way silicon microvalve for pneumatic applications with electrostatic actuation principle". Microfluid Nanofluid. 2 (2): 89–96. doi:10.1007/s10404-005-0048-5.
  3. Wouter van der Wijngaart and Håkan Ask and Peter Enoksson and Göran Stemme (2002). "A high-stroke, high-pressure electrostatic actuator for valve applications". Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 100 (2–3): 264–271. doi:10.1016/S0924-4247(02)00070-5.
  4. Peige Shao; et al. (2004). "Polymer micro piezo valve with a small dead volume". J. Micromech. Microeng. 14 (2): 305–309. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/14/2/020.
  5. Jerman, H. (1994). "Electrically activated normally closed diaphragm valves". J. Micromech. Microeng. 4 (4): 210–216. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/4/4/006.
  6. Henrik Gradin, Stefan Braun, Göran Stemme, and Wouter van der Wijngaart (2012). "SMA Microvalves for Very Large Gas Flow Control Manufactured Using Wafer-Level Eutectic Bonding". IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 59 (12): 4895–4906. doi:10.1109/TIE.2011.2173892.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. Sjoerd Haasl; et al. (2006). "Out-of-Plane Knife-Gate Microvalves for Controlling Large Gas Flows". J. Microelectromech. Syst. 15 (5): 1281–1288. doi:10.1109/JMEMS.2006.880279.
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