Modafinil acid

Modafinil acid
Names
	IUPAC name 2-Benzhydrylsulfinylacetic acid
	Other names Modafinilic acid; Modafinil carboxylate; CRL-40467
Identifiers
CAS Number	63547-24-0 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	2342211;
ECHA InfoCard	100.219.633
PubChem CID	3085267;
UNII	54N37HN7N4 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID60979768 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C15H14O3S/c16-14(17)11-19(18)15(12-7-3-1-4-8-12)13-9-5-2-6-10-13/h1-10,15H,11H2,(H,16,17) Key: QARQPIWTMBRJFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(C2=CC=CC=C2)S(=O)CC(=O)O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C15H14O3S
Molar mass	274.33 g·mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	Infobox references

Modafinil acid (code name CRL-40467), also known as modafinilic acid or modafinil carboxylate, is one of the two major metabolites of modafinil – the other being modafinil sulfone. Modafinil acid is also a metabolite of the modafinil prodrug, adrafinil, and the (R)-(–)-enantiomer is a metabolite of armodafinil, the (R)-(–)-enantiomer of modafinil. Modafinil acid seems to be inactive,[1] and similarly to modafinil sulfone, does not appear to contribute to the wakefulness-promoting/psychostimulant effects of modafinil.[2][3][4]

In the breakdown process of modafinil, modafinil is primarily hydrolyzed by an esterase or amidase enzyme into modafinil acid.[5] The apparent clearance of modafinil acid is significantly higher than that of modafinil, following the hypothesis that metabolism increases the polarity and the clearance of modafinil.[6]

References

Wong, Y. Nancy; Wang, Lixia; Hartman, Linda; Simcoe, Donna; Chen, Yusong; Laughton, Watson; Eldon, Richard; Markland, Colin; Grebow, Peter (1998). "Comparison of the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Modafinil and Dextroamphetamine Administered Alone or in Combination in Healthy Male Volunteers". The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 38 (10): 971–978. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1998.tb04395.x. ISSN 0091-2700. PMID 9807980. S2CID 32857213.
Schwertner, Harvey A.; Kong, Suk Bin (2005). "Determination of modafinil in plasma and urine by reversed phase high-performance liquid-chromatography". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 37 (3): 475–479. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.014. ISSN 0731-7085. PMID 15740906.
Robertson, Philmore; Hellriegel, Edward T. (2003). "Clinical Pharmacokinetic Profile of Modafinil". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 42 (2): 123–137. doi:10.2165/00003088-200342020-00002. ISSN 0312-5963. PMID 12537513. S2CID 1266677.
Robertson, P (2002). "Effect of modafinil on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and triazolam in healthy volunteers". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 71 (1): 46–56. doi:10.1067/mcp.2002.121217. ISSN 0009-9236. PMID 11823757.
Wu, Ke-hua; Guo, Tao; Deng, Chen-hui; Guan, Zheng; Li, Liang; Zhou, Tian-yan; Lu, Wei (2012). "Population pharmacokinetics of modafinil acid and estimation of the metabolic conversion of modafinil into modafinil acid in 5 major ethnic groups of China". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 33 (11): 1401–1408. doi:10.1038/aps.2012.124. ISSN 1671-4083. PMC 4011351. PMID 23103618.
"Modafinil As A Physical Performance Enhancer". Retrieved 2017-02-22.

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[WongWang1998-1] Wong, Y. Nancy; Wang, Lixia; Hartman, Linda; Simcoe, Donna; Chen, Yusong; Laughton, Watson; Eldon, Richard; Markland, Colin; Grebow, Peter (1998). "Comparison of the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Modafinil and Dextroamphetamine Administered Alone or in Combination in Healthy Male Volunteers". The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 38 (10): 971–978. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1998.tb04395.x. ISSN 0091-2700. PMID 9807980. S2CID 32857213.

[SchwertnerKong2005-2] Schwertner, Harvey A.; Kong, Suk Bin (2005). "Determination of modafinil in plasma and urine by reversed phase high-performance liquid-chromatography". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 37 (3): 475–479. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2004.11.014. ISSN 0731-7085. PMID 15740906.

[RobertsonHellriegel2003-3] Robertson, Philmore; Hellriegel, Edward T. (2003). "Clinical Pharmacokinetic Profile of Modafinil". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 42 (2): 123–137. doi:10.2165/00003088-200342020-00002. ISSN 0312-5963. PMID 12537513. S2CID 1266677.

[Robertson2002-4] Robertson, P (2002). "Effect of modafinil on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and triazolam in healthy volunteers". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 71 (1): 46–56. doi:10.1067/mcp.2002.121217. ISSN 0009-9236. PMID 11823757.

[WuGuo2012-5] Wu, Ke-hua; Guo, Tao; Deng, Chen-hui; Guan, Zheng; Li, Liang; Zhou, Tian-yan; Lu, Wei (2012). "Population pharmacokinetics of modafinil acid and estimation of the metabolic conversion of modafinil into modafinil acid in 5 major ethnic groups of China". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 33 (11): 1401–1408. doi:10.1038/aps.2012.124. ISSN 1671-4083. PMC 4011351. PMID 23103618.

[6] "Modafinil As A Physical Performance Enhancer". Retrieved 2017-02-22.