Modern usage of al-Qādisiyyah

The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah (Arabic: معركة القادسيّة‎; transliteration, Maʿrakat al-Qādisiyyah; Persian: نبرد قادسيه‎; alternate spellings: Qadisiyya, Qadisiyyah, Kadisiya) was the decisive engagement between the Arab-Muslim army and the Sāsānian Iranian army during the first period of Muslim expansion which resulted in the Arab-Muslim conquest of Iran. In the centuries following the battle, Qādisiyyah became enshrined in Muslim collective memory as a symbol of the successes of early Islamic history. Already during the period of the Crusades, Muslim leaders referred to Qādisiyyah as a point of reference to which they compared their own achievements.[1] Academic studies of the narratives of Qādisiyyah and other early Islamic battles have revealed numerous topoi that make up a common schema of the Arab-Muslim conquests; the generation of these literary layers seems to have begun immediately, as story-tellers (quṣṣāṣ) embellished their narrative in order to create an entertaining story or to glorify past ancestors.[2]

Modern use of al-Qādisiyyah
Iraqi 25-dinar note, with the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah depicted in the background

In modern times, Qādisiyyah saw a revival beginning with the tensions leading up to the Iran–Iraq War. Ṣaddam Ḥussein and the Ba’ath régime of Iraq began referring frequently to the historical battle, seeking to cast the contemporary hostilities as a replay of the ancient encounter. In official Iraqi rhetoric, the war even became known as Qādisiyyat-Ṣaddām, or "Saddam's Qādisiyyah". The state reinforced this rhetoric through a conscious pattern of nomenclature, naming provinces, newspapers, army battalions, and awards after Qādisiyyah, issuing currency, stamps, and medals featuring the battle, and by producing an all-Arab film entitled Qādisiyyah.[3][4][5]

One of the more famous examples of the use of Qādisiyyah is the Victory Arch (Arabic: قوس النصر‎; transliteration, Qaws an-Naṣr), an Iraqi monument constructed by Saddam's régime to commemorate its "victory" in the Iran–Iraq War. Iraq's leading sculptor, Adil Kamil, won the commission to design and execute the construction of the arches, which were based on a concept sketch made Saddam Hussein. The design consists of a pair of massive hands emerging from the ground, each holding a 140-foot (43m) long sword, modelled after the imagined sword used by the Muslim general at Qādisiyyah. A small flagpole rises from the point where the swords meet, at a point about 130 feet (40 m) above the ground. Kamil used photographs and plaster casts of Saddam's forearms to model for the design of the hands. When Kamil died in 1987, with the monument incomplete, his position was assumed by fellow artist Mohammed Ghani Hikmat. Ghani personally took an impression of one of Saddam's thumbs, and the resulting fingerprint was added to the mold for one of the arches' thumbs. Nearby this monument is the Monument to the Unknown Soldier, which housed in its museum Saddam's personal firearm alongside the alleged sword of Saʿd, the Muslim commander at Qādisiyyah.[6][7][8]

Although the Baathist Iraq tried to view the battle as an Arab-Persian ethnic clash, the Iranian government largely celebrated the event as a victory for Muslims who brought Islam to Iran.[9]

'The Sword of Qādisiyyah', sometimes known as the 'Hands of Victory', opened August 1989

Scholars have argued that Saddam's choice of Qādisiyyah reflects the emotive power of religious history in the Middle East; invoking its name imbues subconscious meaning to its audience.[10] Qādisiyyah has continued to appear in the Middle East today, as Islamic extremists have named training bases, religious courts, and mosques after the engagement and have cited it in their speeches and sermons.[11] In addition, Qādisiyyah graces the names of schools, sports clubs, bridges, businesses, and medical facilities across the Middle East and even in Europe.[12] A full list of the Qādisiyyah nomenclature can be found online.

See also

References
  1. Lewental, ‘Qādisiyyah, then and now’, p. 379.
  2. See Donner, Early Islamic conquests and Noth, Early Arabic historical tradition. See Lewental, ‘Qādisiyyah, then and now’, for a study of this process as it applies specifically to Qādisiyyah.
  3. Lewental, ‘Qādisiyyah, then and now’, pp. 390–399
  4. Rida, ‘Qadisiyya’, 40–43
  5. Bengio, Saddam's Word, pp. 172–175.
  6. Makiya, The Monument, pp. 1–6
  7. Lewental, ‘Qādisiyyah, then and now’, pp. 396–397
  8. Lewental, ‘Battle of al-Qādisiyyah’, online.
  9. D. Gershon Lewental, "QĀDESIYA, BATTLE OF," Encyclopædia Iranica Online, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qadesiya-battle (accessed on 21 July 2014).
  10. Lewental, ‘Qādisiyyah, then and now’, pp. 436, 470.
  11. Lewental, ‘Qādisiyyah, then and now’, pp. 453–457.
  12. Lewental, ‘Battle of al-Qādisiyyah’, online.

Bibliography
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