Mohamed Ali (Egyptian contractor)

Ali was born in Giza in 1978.[3] According to Ali, he started work at the age of 15 in his father's gold shop in order to support his parents and siblings financially. He quit two years later, and tried "maybe 13 different jobs". Ali had earlier avoided military conscription and contact with the armed forces, worrying that he would have remained at a low rank because of his low grades, a lack of formal qualifications, and "a bit of a temper".[7]

Ali started working as a contractor with Etisalat. He gradually came into closer and closer contract with senior army officials, including el-Sisi as defence minister in 2012. High-level military construction deals were, according to Ali, made by verbal deals, with no written contracts, and the expectation that construction would start immediately, without waiting for plans to be made.[7]

Ali was privately critical of el-Sisi. Around 2017, Kamel el-Wazir, the head of the army engineering authority, obtained an audio recording of Ali mocking el-Sisi and other generals. Ali applied for residency in Spain and settled there with his family, completing the move in August 2018 with the end of his children's school term.[7]

Starting on 2 September 2019,[8] Ali claimed on online social networks that he had worked in the construction industry for 15 years under army contracts, building five villas for colleagues of Sisi and a palace for Sisi in a military camp. Ali accused Sisi of wasting public funds and "[taking] low-level corruption to a new level".[4] Ali's videos outline specific incidents and directly accuse well-known military individuals, including Major-Generals Kamel al-Wazir and Essam al-Kholy.[5] Egyptian authorities ran a media campaign attacking Ali. According to Omar Said and Rana Mamdouh writing in Mada Masr, the governmental campaign "did not refute the substance of [Ali's] claims."[5]

Videos by other Egyptians accusing Sisi of corruption started circulating and on 20 and 21 September, street protests started across Egypt.[2] Ali is generally credited as the catalyst of the protests.[2][9] On 20 September, Egyptian Streets described the protests as "small, scattered".[10] On 21 September, Al Jazeera English estimated that "thousands" of protestors had participated in the previous day's protests in eight different Egyptian cities.[4][8]

Following the 20 September protests, Ali called for another protest of "a million" people on Friday 27 September. He proposed the replacement of the presidential system of government by a parliamentary system. He called for fifty people to be elected in each of the governorates of Egypt and together form an assembly to discuss the creation of a new political structure for Egypt. Ali called for the new system to guarantee freedom of the press and to define the powers of the army and police.[12]

Ali states that he represents neither the Muslim Brotherhood, nor any faction of the Egyptian armed forces. He said in a late October 2019 interview with Middle East Eye that in response to his videos, he had been contacted by many groups, and that the opposition to el-Sisi had become unified. He stated, "leftists, secularists, Muslim Brotherhood, liberals, all of them are now with me."[7]

Leila Arman, writing in Mada Masr, describes Ali showing charisma in his videos, with a character "of the intrepid blue-collar badass. A savvy operator with a nose for business. A total baller who flashes cash and treats himself like a prince. An avaricious charmer." She describes his image in the videos as "not the classic poor, honest hero, nor is he the educated, middle-class striver who stands up to oppression", but instead an image "of [honour] and decency as a form of class solace, consolation, and solidarity", where the honour consists of Ali's entitlement to money that he claims is owed to him by Sisi.[15] In his 4 September video, Ali describes his political profile, stating, "I'm not a liberal, I'm not Brotherhood, I'm not a secularist. I'm a working-class guy".[15] Arman describes Ali's conflict with Sisi as a macho competition, "Ali plays the paragon of working-class masculinity against Sisi's more simpering version of manhood." She summarises stating that Ali "portrays a realistic dramatic character, and then he asks the audience to play the hero with him, to enter the frame. And they have obliged."[15]