Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha

Khoeiniha was born in Qazvin, Iran, in 1945.[1] However, Mohammad Sahimi gives his birth year as 1938.[2] He moved to Qom to study religion in 1961.[2] There he was educated by Ayatollah Seyyed Mostafa Mohaqiq Damad, and Grand Ayatollahs, including Mohammad Ali Araki and Hossein Ali Montazeri.[2] In 1966, he moved to Najaf, Iraq, and continued his studies under the guidance of Ayatollah Khomenei.[2] His stay in Najaf lasted brief and he returned to Iran in 1967.[2] In 1977, he was arrested by SAVAK.[2] Although he was sentenced to fifteen years in jail, he was freed in the fall of 1978 due to unrest in the country.[2]

Following the 1979 revolution he became one of the aides of Ayatollah Khomenei.[2] He was named Khomenei's representative at the Iran's Council of National Radio and TV but lost that post after hostage taking opponent Bani Sadr became president and engineered his resignation.[2][3] He was the spiritual leader of the Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line who led the hostage taking of American embassy staff on 4 November 1979. He is reported to have held the post of deputy speaker of the Majles in the early 1980s.[4] He was appointed by Khomenei prosecutor general of Iran, replacing Ayatollah Yousef Sanei in the post in the mid-1980s.[2] Then Khoeiniha was made a member of the Supreme Judicial Council and also, of the Expediency Council.[2] In 1989, he was appointed by Khomenei as his representative in the constitution assembly that was formed to review the constitution.[2]

He is reported to have been "considerably to the left of the conservative mullah establishment" and also have had a less orthodox interpretive take on Koranic doctrine than them.[5] Khoeniha remains a staunch defender of the embassy takeover, and still keeps "a four-drawer metal filing cabinet with a plate saying `Property of the General Services Administration,`" in his office, a souvenir taken from the embassy.[6]

Khoeiniha and other "left-wing ... veteran revolutionary mullahs" from the Assembly of Militant Clerics founded Salam in 1991, after the Assembly members were not only banned by the conservative Guardian Council from running for the Assembly of Experts but could find no newspaper even willing to print that news and their protest. Despite its limited circulation and focus on influencing policy, the paper became very popular and helped elect reformist Muhammad Khatami president in 1997.[7]

Salam was banned on 7 July 1999 for releasing "an alleged secret memo by a former intelligence agent, urging authorities to tighten restrictions on the press". This "triggering student demonstrations of a magnitude not seen since the 1979 revolution."[8]

On 25 July 1999 the Special Clerical Court convicted Khoeiniha as Salam's publisher "of defamation and spreading false information in connection with the alleged memo". He was sentenced to three years in prison and a lashing. However, the court suspended this sentence and reduced his sentence to a fine of 23 million rials (US$13,000),[8] "because of his sterling revolutionary credentials".[6] Less than two weeks later the Clergy court "imposed a five-year ban on Salam and banned Musavi-Khoeiniha from practicing journalism for three years". The court ruled that the journalist was "guilty of disseminating untruthful and distorted news aimed at harming public opinion."[8]

Until 2006, Khoeiniha was not active. He became the leader of the Association of Combatant Clerics when Mehdi Karroubi left the party to establish another one.[2]

• List of Ayatollahs