Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin

Dmitrovskaya Tower is main tower of Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin

A sheet of Russian definitive stamp showing Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin.

The first attempt to replace the wooden fort with a stone kremlin was recorded in 1374, but construction was limited to a single tower, known as the Dmitrovskaya Tower (this has not survived). Under the rule of Ivan III, Nizhny Novgorod played the role of a guard city, having a permanent garrison; it served as a place for gathering troops for Moscow’s actions against the Khanate of Kazan. In order to strengthen the defenses of the city, construction works on the walls began again.

Construction of the stone Kremlin of Nizhny Novgorod began in 1500 with the building of the Ivanovskaya Tower; the main work commenced in 1508 and by 1515 a grandiose building was completed. The oak walls that formed the old fortifications were destroyed by a huge fire in 1513. The two kilometer wall was reinforced by 13 towers (one of them – Zachatskaya – was on the shore of the Volga; not preserved, but was rebuilt in 2012). This “Stone City” had a permanent garrison with solid artillery weapons. With the fall of Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin lost its military significance, and later it housed the city and provincial authorities.

During the World War II, the roofs of the Taynitskaya, the Severnaya, and the Chasovaya Towers were dismantled and anti-aircraft machine guns were installed on the upper platforms. Thus, the fortress defended the airspace of the city from the Luftwaffe. The Luftwaffe bombed the Kanavinsky Bridge and the Fair, but the Kremlin's air defense defended these objects.[1]

The Council of Ministers of the RSFSR issued an order on January 30, 1949 for the restoration of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin.[2]

In October 2018, archaeologists discovered the remains of a medieval settlement and cemetery on the site of the destroyed church of St. Simeon Stylites. The finds belong to the 13th century, and the most ancient cultural layer - to 1221, when Nizhny Novgorod was founded.[3] After all the excavations, the exhibits will be museified, and the church of St. Simeon the Stylite will be recreated at this place.

The following 13 towers survive. Counter clockwise:

Towers of Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin

1. Georgievskaya Tower (Russian: Георгиевская башня, lit. 'St. George Tower')
2. Borisoglebskaya Tower (Russian: Борисоглебская башня, lit. 'Tower of St. Boris and Gleb'; destroyed by a landslide in the 18th century, rebuilt in 1972)
3. Zachatskaya Tower (Russian: Зачатская башня, lit. 'Conteption Tower'; destroyed by a landslide in the 18th century, rebuilt in 2012)
4. Belaya Tower (Russian: Белая башня, lit. 'White Tower')
5. Ivanovskaya Tower (Russian: Ивановская башня, lit. 'St. John's Tower')
6. Chasovaya Tower (Russian: Часовая башня, lit. 'Clock Tower')
7. Severnaya Tower (Russian: Северная башня, lit. 'Northern Tower')
8. Taynitskaya Tower (Russian: Тайницкая башня, lit. 'Secret Tower')
9. Koromyslova Tower (Russian: Коромыслова башня, lit. 'Yoke Tower')
10. Nikolskaya Tower (Russian: Никольская башня, lit. 'St. Nicholas Tower')
11. Kladovaya Tower (Russian: Кладовая башня, lit. 'Pantry Tower')
12. Dmitrievskaya Tower (Russian: Дмитриевская башня, lit. 'Demetrius Tower')
13. Porokhovaya Tower (Russian: Пороховая башня, lit. 'Powder Tower')

• 
  Georgievskaya Tower
  St. George Tower
  Георгиевская
• 
  Borisoglebskaya Tower
  Tower of Boris and Gleb
  Борисоглебская
• 
  Zachatskaya Tower
  Conception Tower
  Зачатская
• 
  Belaya Tower
  White Tower
  Белая
• 
  Ivanovskaya Tower
  St. John Tower
  Ивановская
• 
  Chasovaya Tower
  Clock Tower
  Часовая
• 
  Severnaya Tower
  Northern Tower
  Северная
• 
  Taynitskaya Tower
  Secret Tower
  Тайницкая
• 
  Koromyslova Tower
  Yoke Tower
  Коромыслова
• 
  Nikolskaya Tower
  St. Nicholas Tower
  Никольская
• 
  Kladovaya Tower
  Pantry Tower
  Кладовая
• 
  Dmitrovskaya Tower
  Demetrius Tower
  Дмитровская
• 
  Porokhovaya Tower
  Powder Tower
  Пороховая

Obelisk of Minin and Pozharsky

The Kremlin contained many churches, but the only survivor is the Michael the Archangel Cathedral (the 'Archangel Cathedral'), built no later than the middle of the 16th century and rebuilt in 1628-1631. It is the oldest surviving building in the Kremlin. The cathedral contains the tomb of Kuzma Minin. In 1828, an obelisk in honor of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky was constructed in front of the Archangel Cathedral (architect Melnikov and Martos).

The house of the military governor was built in 1837-1841; it is now the Museum of Art. The Arsenal was built in 1840-1843 at the direction of Nicholas I. In 1931, the Transfiguration Cathedral was replaced by the House of Soviets; that building is now the City Council building.

Eternal Flame

In 1965, a memorial complex in honor of Nizhny Novgorod citizens who died in World War II was created, near the obelisk of Minin and Pozharsky; this included an Eternal Flame.

• Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin
• Archangel's Cathedral, Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel (Nizhny Novgorod)